Local Anaesthesia of the Bovine Tarsus: A Cadaver Study Comparing Anatomical Landmark-Based and Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks.

Surgical procedures involving the tarsal joint are common in cattle. Indications for tarsal surgery include joint lavage, arthrotomy, the treatment of injuries, and hygromas. The goal of the present study was to lay the foundation for a reliable method of nerve block desensitisation of the bovine tarsus.

Ileus Caused by Compression of the Small Intestine in 35 Cows.

Ileus attributable to compression of the small intestine describes extensive constriction of the intestine by nearby space-occupying lesions or other abdominal organs. This retrospective study describes the findings in 35 cows with ileus caused by CSI (compression of the small intestine) by adhesions, abscesses, and the gravid uterus. Colic occurred in 34.

Clinical presentation, investigation findings, and treatment outcomes of intraluminal small intestinal obstruction by bezoars and other materials in adult cows- a retrospective study of 110 cases.

Background: Small intestinal obstruction (SIO) is a blockage of the intestinal lumen by blunt foreign bodies, neoplasms originating from the intestinal wall or thick chyme. This study analysed the medical records (only data) of 110 cattle with SIO and described the clinical findings, treatment and outcome. These findings were compared between surviving and non-surviving cattle, and among the affected regions such as the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

Small intestinal incarceration caused by external herniation can be diagnosed clinically in cattle, but laparotomy is required to confirm internal incarceration.

Objective: To describe the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings, treatment, and outcome of cattle with small intestinal incarceration (SII) through internal and external hernias.

Methods: The medical records of 85 cattle with SII admitted between January 1, 1987, and December 31, 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. The long-term outcome was determined 2 years after discharge.

Small intestinal volvulus in 47 cows.

Objective: To describe the findings, treatment, and outcome of small intestinal volvulus (SIV) in 47 cows.

Animals And Procedure: Retrospective analysis of medical records. Comparison of the findings for 18 surviving and 29 non-surviving cows.

Dilated small and large intestines combined with a severely abnormal demeanor are characteristic of mesenteric torsion in cattle.

Objective: To describe the clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonographic findings; treatment; and outcome of cattle with mesenteric torsion (MT).

Animals: 61 cattle with MT between November 1, 1986, and December 31, 2019.

Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed.

A retrospective review of small intestinal intussusception in 126 cattle in Switzerland.

Background: Intussusception is a form of ileus of the intestines in which an oral intestinal segment slides into the adjacent aboral intestinal segment, causing obstruction of the bowel.

Methods: We analysed the medical records of 126 cattle with intussusception of the small intestine.

Results: Demeanour and appetite were abnormal in 123 cattle.

Left and right displaced abomasum and abomasal volvulus: comparison of clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings in 1982 dairy cows.

Background: Although left and right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus are well-known disorders of cattle, a comparative evaluation of the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings of these types of abomasal displacements has not been undertaken. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare these conditions in a large population of cows. The medical records of 1982 dairy cows with left displaced abomasum (LDA, n = 1341), right displaced absomasum (RDA, n = 338) and abomasal volvulus (AV, n = 303) were searched for the results of clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic evaluations.

[Frequency and diagnostic reliability of laboratory variables in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis and abomasal ulcers].

Objective: A number of laboratory abnormalities occurs in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) as well as in those with abomasal ulcers (U; classified as type 1 to 5). The goal of our study was to compare the frequency of individual laboratory variables of cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis and cows with abomasal ulcers and determine the diagnostic significance of individual laboratory variables.

Material And Methods: The present study included 182 healthy control cows, 503 cows with TRP, 94 cows with U1, 145 cows with U2, 60 cows with U3, 87 cows with U4 and 14 cows with U5.

Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings in 38 calves with type-4 abomasal ulcer.

Background: Type-4 abomasal ulcers (U4) are perforated ulcers causing diffuse peritonitis. This retrospective study describes the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings in 38 calves with U4. The medical records of 38 calves aged three days to 20 weeks with U4 were scrutinised.

Surgical debridement and primary closure of the oral mucosa for repair of open mandibular pars incisiva fractures in three neonatal calves.

Case Description: 3 neonatal female calves (ages, < 1 to 4 days) were examined because of mandibular trauma.

Clinical Findings: Physical examination indicated that each calf had an open fracture of the mandibular pars incisiva (rostral mandibular fracture) with ventral displacement of the incisors at the affected region. Oral radiographs were obtained for 1 calf and revealed that 5 incisors were fractured at the level of the apical dental buds.

Functional foot trimming to balance load distribution between the paired forelimb claws in dairy cows: An experimental study.

In standing dairy cows, the medial claws carry most of the load of the forelimb. The goal of our experimental study was to investigate how even load distribution can be achieved between the paired forelimb claws through foot trimming. We measured vertical ground reaction forces, mean and maximum pressures, and contact areas under the sound forelimb claws of 28 nonlame dairy cows using a force plate and a pressure plate.

[Changes in claw and leg health and hair cortisol concentration in dairy cows during the transition from tie-stall to free-stall housing - A study of a medium-sized farm].

Objective: Claw health and carpal and tarsal lesions were assessed in a dairy herd during the transition from a tie-stall to a free-stall barn. The stress associated with the change in housing was also evaluated.

Materials And Methods: The initial size of the herd was 57 dairy cows, which were evaluated 4 times, 4-5 months apart, in a hoof-trimming chute.

Diagnostic reliability of clinical signs in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis and abomasal ulcers.

Background: Clinical signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis and abomasal ulcer are often similar making the disorders difficult to differentiate. The goal of our study was to compare the frequency of individual clinical signs of cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis and cows with abomasal ulcers and determine their diagnostic significance. The frequency of the findings "rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, demeanour, signs of colic, arched back, abdominal guarding, bruxism, scleral vessels, rumen motility, foreign body tests, percussion auscultation, swinging auscultation and faecal colour" of cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP, n = 503) and cows with type 1 (U1, n = 94), type 2 (U2, n = 145), type 3 (U3, n = 60), type 4 (U4, n = 87) and type 5 (U5, n = 14) abomasal ulcer were compared, and the reliability indices "diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values and positive likelihood ratio" were calculated.

Aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle.

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) in cattle is caused by ingested nails, pieces of wire, and other nonmetallic materials that injure the reticular wall. Clinical signs of acute TRP may include anorexia, fever, drop in milk production, rumen atony and tympany, abdominal pain, an arched back, a tucked up and "guarded" abdomen and spontaneous grunting, but may be obscure or absent in chronic cases. Haematological findings alone are not diagnostic, but total and differential white blood cell counts, the concentration of fibrinogen and total protein and the glutaraldehyde coagulation time may indicate inflammation associated with TRP.

Lateral radioulnar subluxation in three cattle: clinical findings, treatment, and outcome.

Objective: To describe the clinical signs, conservative treatment, and short- and long-term outcomes of lateral radioulnar subluxation in cattle.

Animals: Three cattle with lateral radioulnar subluxation.

Study Design: Case series.

Clinical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcome in 145 cows with type-2 abomasal ulcer.

This study involved 145 cows with type-2 abomasal ulcer. The most common clinical signs were, in decreasing order of frequency, depressed demeanour (100%), partial or complete anorexia (93%), rumen atony (91%), tachycardia (90%), dark or black manure (80%), prolonged capillary refill time (71%), pale mucous membranes (69%) and tachypnoea (62%). The most common abnormal laboratory findings were azotaemia (89%), low haematocrit (82%), hypokalaemia (81%), hypoproteinaemia (74%) and metabolic acidosis (61%).

Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings in 87 cows with type-4 abomasal ulcer.

Background: This study evaluated the clinical, laboratory, ultrasonographic and pathological findings in 87 cows aged 2 to 10 years (4.5 ± 1.5 years) with type-4 abomasal ulcer.

Variables of initial examination and clinical management associated with survival in small ruminants with obstructive urolithiasis.

Background: Obstructive urolithiasis is a common disease associated with a guarded prognosis in small ruminants.

Hypothesis/objective: The results of physical examination, laboratory analyses, and clinical management of male small ruminants presented to 2 referral clinics were investigated to identify variables significantly associated with disease outcome, so as to provide better recommendations to animal owners regarding the management of these patients.

Animals: Two-hundred ten small ruminants (130 sheep and 80 goats) with confirmed diagnosis of obstructive urolithiasis.

Treatment of 503 cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis.

Background: The treatment of traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) in cattle has a long and impressive history that goes back more than 100 years. This study describes treatment for TRP in 503 cattle. Initial treatment was based on radiographic findings; cattle with a foreign body attached to a magnet were treated conservatively using antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs and intravenous fluids.