Publications by authors named "Karl Krecke"

Objectives: To characterize the frequency and clinicoradiologic phenotype of cerebellar involvement in attacks of aquaporin-4-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+NMOSD) which are incompletely captured in current diagnostic criteria.

Methods: Brain MRI scans from patients with AQP4+NMOSD in the Mayo Clinic database were reviewed, and those with cerebellar T2-hyperintense lesions ≤30 days from attack onset were included for clinical and radiologic characterization.

Results: From 432 patients with AQP4+NMOSD, we identified 17 (4%) with cerebellar attacks.

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Background And Objectives: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a distinct CNS demyelinating disease. The rate of asymptomatic optic nerve enhancement on MRI has not been explored in patients with MOGAD. An improved understanding of this would guide clinical practice and assessment of treatment efficacy.

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Background And Objectives: Knowledge of the evolution of CNS demyelinating lesions within attacks could assist diagnosis. We evaluated intra-attack lesion dynamics in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) vs multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+NMOSD).

Methods: This retrospective observational multicenter study included consecutive patients from Mayo Clinic (USA) and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (UK).

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Purpose: This study sought to evaluate the impact of surgical extent on seizure outcome in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (DR-TLE) with temporal encephaloceles (TE).

Methods: This was a single-institution retrospective study of patients who underwent surgery for DR-TLE with TE between January 2008 and December 2020. The impact of surgical extent on seizure outcome was evaluated.

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Article Synopsis
  • This study reviews the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) during stereo-electroencephalography (sEEG), finding that 11% of cases had ICH, often without significant symptoms.!* -
  • Researchers analyzed data from 201 sEEG procedures at the Mayo Clinic between 2016 and 2022, discovering that most patients with ICH were either asymptomatic or had mild symptoms, and surgical outcomes were generally positive.!* -
  • The study suggests that ICH during sEEG is under-reported and highlights certain electroencephalographic patterns that could help in identifying ICH during sEEG monitoring.!*
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Purpose: Temporal encephaloceles are a cause of drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy; however, their relationship with epileptogenesis is unclear, and optimal surgical resection is uncertain. EEG source localization (ESL) may guide surgical decision-making.

Methods: We reviewed patients at Mayo Clinic Rochester with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy and temporal encephaloceles, who underwent limited resection and had 1-year outcomes.

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Purpose: Imaging changes in the pituitary volume during pregnancy remains scantly researched. This study set out to assess the differences in total, anterior, and posterior pituitary volume in pregnant women compared to nulliparous and post-partum women.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review was completed of women that had undergone MRI imaging of the brain.

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Introduction: Limited data exist on brain MRI enhancement in myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) and differences from aquaporin-4-IgG-positive-neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorder (AQP4+NMOSD), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we identified 122 Mayo Clinic MOGAD patients (1 January 1996-1 July 2020) with cerebral attacks. We explored enhancement patterns using a discovery set (n=41).

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Objective: To assess marked central canal T2-hyperintensity in patients with myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) myelitis compared to myelitis patients with aquaporin-4-antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4 + NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Material/methods: Two blinded raters evaluated spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) of myelitis patients with MOGAD (n = 63), AQP4 + NMOSD (n = 37), and MS (n = 26), assessing for marked central canal T2-hyperintensity and its evolution. If there were conflicting results, a third neurologist assessed the MRI.

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Background: Temporal lobe encephaloceles (TEs) are a rare cause of drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (DR-TLE), with head trauma and obesity identified as risk factors in adults. This study evaluated the clinical characteristics of childhood-onset DR-TLE due to TE.

Methods: This is a single-institution retrospective review of childhood-onset DR-TLE with radiographic TE identified between 2008 and 2020.

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Cerebral cortical encephalitis (CCE) is a recently described myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) phenotype. In this observational retrospective study, we characterized 19 CCE patients (6.7% of our MOGAD cohort).

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Background And Objective: To determine the frequency of new or enlarging T2-hyperintense or enhancing lesions outside of clinical attacks in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) vs multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+NMOSD).

Methods: We retrospectively included Mayo Clinic patients with MOGAD with: (1) MOG-Immunoglobulin-G positivity by live cell-based assay, (2) fulfilling proposed MOGAD diagnostic criteria, and (3) baseline and follow-up paired MRIs without interval attacks. A neurologist and neuroradiologist reviewed MRIs (T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery brain, T2 spine, and T1-postgadolinium brain and spine) to identify new or enlarging lesions.

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Objective: To determine whether MRI gadolinium enhancement patterns in myelopathies with longitudinally extensive T2 lesions can be reliably distinguished and assist in diagnosis.

Methods: We retrospectively identified 74 Mayo Clinic patients (January 1, 1996-December 31, 2019) fulfilling the following criteria: (1) clinical myelopathy; (2) MRI spine available; (3) longitudinally extensive T2 hyperintensity (≥3 vertebral segments); and (4) characteristic gadolinium enhancement pattern associated with a specific myelopathy etiology. Thirty-nine cases with alternative myelopathy etiologies, without previously described enhancement patterns, were included as controls.

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PHLPP2 is a member of the PHLPP family of phosphatases, known to suppress cell growth by inhibiting proliferation or promoting apoptosis. Oncogenic kinases Akt, S6K, and PKC, and pro-apoptotic kinase Mst1, have been recognized as functional targets of the PHLPP family. However, we observed that, in T-leukemia cells subjected to metabolic stress from glucose limitation, PHLPP2 specifically targets the energy-sensing AMP-activated protein kinase, pAMPK, rather than Akt or S6K.

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Background And Objective: There are few studies comparing lesion evolution across different CNS demyelinating diseases, yet knowledge of this may be important for diagnosis and understanding differences in disease pathogenesis. We sought to compare MRI T2 lesion evolution in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (IgG)-associated disorder (MOGAD), aquaporin 4 IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-IgG-NMOSD), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: In this descriptive study, we retrospectively identified Mayo Clinic patients with MOGAD, AQP4-IgG-NMOSD, or MS and (1) brain or myelitis attack; (2) available attack MRI within 6 weeks; and (3) follow-up MRI beyond 6 months without interval relapses in that region.

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Purpose Of Review: This article reviews the neuroimaging of disorders of the spinal cord and cauda equina, with a focus on MRI. An anatomic approach is used; diseases of the extradural, intradural-extramedullary, and intramedullary (parenchymal) compartments are considered, and both neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions are covered. Differentiating imaging features are highlighted.

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Article Synopsis
  • The study investigated the potential of using a ratio of serum neurofilament light chain levels to MRI T2-lesion area (NAR) as a diagnostic tool to differentiate spontaneous spinal cord infarction (SCI) from acute myelitis, which share similar clinical features.
  • A retrospective analysis of patients with SCI and various forms of myelitis was conducted over nearly two decades at the Mayo Clinic, measuring serum neurofilament levels and assessing MRI lesions.
  • Results indicated that SCI patients had significantly higher serum neurofilament light chain levels compared to those with acute myelitis, with NAR showing the best accuracy for distinguishing between the two conditions, particularly with values above 0.35.
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Objective: To determine the frequency and characteristics of brainstem or cerebellar involvement in myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disorder (MOGAD) versus aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive-neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-IgG-NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: In this observational study, we retrospectively identified 185 Mayo Clinic MOGAD patients with: (1) characteristic MOGAD phenotype, (2) MOG-IgG seropositivity by live cell-based assay and (3) MRI lesion(s) of brainstem, cerebellum or both. We compared the symptomatic attacks to AQP4-IgG-NMOSD (n=30) and MS (n=30).

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Background: Diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) may be delayed due to nonspecific symptoms and variable imaging findings. Cases of hyperostosis in children who are overshunted, a process that may be physiologically analogous to adults with SIH, have been reported by others and observed in our practice. The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the frequency and pattern of calvarial hyperostosis in patients with SIH.

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Article Synopsis
  • SMART syndrome is a rare condition that can develop after brain radiation therapy, characterized by specific symptoms and MRI findings, and the study focused on understanding these aspects in patients.
  • The study included 25 patients, primarily male, with a median age of 46 years, and highlights that 60% of the patients experienced symptoms about 21.6 years after radiation, primarily affecting the temporal and parietal lobes of the brain.
  • Findings showed that factors like being female and not having seizure discharges during initial symptoms increased the risk of repeat episodes, while incomplete recovery was linked to older age and certain MRI characteristics.
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Article Synopsis
  • * A database of 741 MRI exams from 729 unique patients was compiled, where 641 exams were used for training the DL system, and 100 were set aside for testing through a blinded assessment platform.
  • * Neuroradiologists rated the mean scores of DL segmentations higher than those from technicians (7.31 vs 6.97), and the DL method demonstrated a strong overlap in segmentations with a Dice coefficient of 0.87, indicating its potential to outperform human segmentations.
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Background: The presence of co-existent neuronal antibodies (neuronal-IgG) in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG1) is not yet well understood.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the co-existence of a broad range of neuronal-IgG in MOG-IgG1+ patients.

Methods: MOG-IgG1+ patients were tested for 17 neuronal-IgGs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum including NMDA-R-IgG, AMPA-R-IgG, GABAB-R-IgG, LGI1-IgG, CASPR2-IgG, GABAA-R-IgG, GAD65-IgG, mGLUR1-IgG, DPPX-IgG, CRMP5-IgG, amphiphysin-IgG, PCA1,2,Tr, and ANNA1,2,3.

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