Influence of Nitrite on Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols.

Tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) formation occurred during aerosol generation from select commercial cig-a-like e-cigarette products. To understand the drivers behind the potential formation of TSNAs in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosols and e-liquids, model e-liquid systems were generated in the lab to demonstrate that nitrite can react with nicotine and minor alkaloids to form TSNAs in e-liquids. In the presence of nitrite and nicotine, TSNA levels in e-liquids increased over time and the process was accelerated by elevated temperature.

Formation of Diacetyl and Other α-Dicarbonyl Compounds during the Generation of E-Vapor Product Aerosols.

Exposure to diacetyl (DA) has been linked to the respiratory condition bronchiolitis obliterans. Previous research has demonstrated that DA and other α-dicarbonyl compounds can be detected in both the e-liquids and aerosols of e-vapor products (EVPs). While some EVP manufacturers may add these compounds as flavor ingredients, the primary objective of this work was to determine the potential for the formation of α-dicarbonyl compounds during the generation of aerosols from EVPs where no DA or other α-dicarbonyl compounds are added to the e-liquid.

An evaluation of electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols for harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) typically derived from combustion.

U.S. FDA draft guidance recommends reporting quantities of designated harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in e-cigarette e-liquids and aerosols.

Determination of Selected Chemical Levels in Room Air and on Surfaces after the Use of Cartridge- and Tank-Based E-Vapor Products or Conventional Cigarettes.

There is an ongoing debate regarding the potential of secondhand exposure of non-users to various chemicals from use of e-vapor products (EVPs). Room air levels of 34 chemicals (nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), glycerol, 15 carbonyl chemicals, 12 volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), and four selected trace elements) were measured where EVPs and cigarettes were used by = 37 healthy adult tobacco users in an exposure chamber. The products used were MarkTen 2.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method to Quantify Benzo[a]Pyrene in Tobacco Products.

The USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) as a harmful and potentially harmful constituent (HPHC) found in tobacco products. Tobacco manufacturers are required to report HPHC quantities to the FDA; however, there is currently no standardized method for determination of B[a]P in smokeless tobacco products (STPs). This work details a sensitive, selective and rapid method for the determination of B[a]P in STPs, cigarette filler and tobacco.

Development/verification of methods for measurement of exhaled breath and environmental e-vapor product aerosol.

Concerns have been raised about the potential health effects of potential bystander exposure to exhaled aerosols from e-vapor products (EVPs). An exhaled breath collection system (EBS) was developed and analytical methods were verified for collection and analysis of exhaled breath from users of EVPs. Analytical methods were adapted and verified for collection of environmental air samples during EVP use in an exposure chamber.

A Well-Mixed Computational Model for Estimating Room Air Levels of Selected Constituents from E-Vapor Product Use.

Concerns have been raised in the literature for the potential of secondhand exposure from e-vapor product (EVP) use. It would be difficult to experimentally determine the impact of various factors on secondhand exposure including, but not limited to, room characteristics (indoor space size, ventilation rate), device specifications (aerosol mass delivery, e-liquid composition), and use behavior (number of users and usage frequency). Therefore, a well-mixed computational model was developed to estimate the indoor levels of constituents from EVPs under a variety of conditions.

Insights from analysis for harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products.

A total of 20 commercial cigarette and 16 commercial smokeless tobacco products were assayed for 96 compounds listed as harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) by the US Food and Drug Administration. For each product, a single lot was used for all testing. Both International Organization for Standardization and Health Canada smoking regimens were used for cigarette testing.

Insights from a multi-year program designed to test the impact of ingredients on mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity.

Context: Cigarette tobacco ingredients may alter the distribution of chemical constituents present in smoke. When considering the toxicological relevance of potential ingredient-related effects on chemical and biological measurements assessing cigarette smoke toxicity, it is critical to understand the intrinsic variability of tobacco and cigarette smoke that is influenced by the environmental conditions during growing, agricultural practices during preparation, cigarette manufacturing tolerances, and stability of the assay methods.

Objective: To understand possible effects of ingredients on cigarette smoke toxicity, various chemical and biological endpoints were measured in smoke from experimental cigarettes (added ingredient) to the intrinsic variability of control cigarettes (no added ingredient).

A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: carbohydrates and natural products.

Context: Eleven carbohydrates and natural product ingredients were added individually to experimental cigarettes.

Objective: A battery of tests was used to compare toxicity of mainstream smoke from these experimental cigarettes to matched control cigarettes without test ingredients.

Materials And Methods: Smoke fractions from each cigarette type were evaluated using analytical chemistry; in vitro cytotoxicity (neutral red uptake) and in vitro bacterial (Salmonella) mutagenicity (five strains) testing.

An evaluation of the toxicity of 95 ingredients added individually to experimental cigarettes: approach and methods.

Context: Ingredients have been used in modern cigarette manufacturing to facilitate tobacco processing, provide flavor, and preserve tobacco. Concern has been raised regarding the use of ingredients in cigarette manufacturing due to the possible generation of toxic chemicals resulting from their combustion when added to tobacco.

Objective: Investigate the impact of individual ingredients on cigarette smoke toxicity.

Development of a quantitative method for the analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke using isotope dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

An improved method has been developed for the determination of the four major tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in mainstream cigarette smoke. The new method offers decreased sample preparation and analysis time as compared to traditional methodologies. This method uses isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization and is significantly more sensitive than traditional methods.

Determination of trace metals in drinking water using solid-phase extraction disks and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.

A convenient method is described for monitoring Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb at trace levels in drinking water samples. These metals are preconcentrated on a chelating solid-phase extraction disk and then determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The method tolerates a wide pH range (pH 6-14) and a large amount of alkaline and alkaline earth elements.