Clinical phenotyping of children with nocturnal enuresis: A key classification to improve the approach.

Introduction: The literature shows that nocturnal enuresis is not an isolated phenomenon of urinary loss during sleep, but encompasses a set of systemic clinical manifestations that significantly influence children's quality of life and development. However, the understanding of the clinical and physiological relationship of these systemic manifestations remains a clinical challenge. The recognition of these manifestations and their subsequent categorisation, may provide better insights into integrated clinical manifestations, facilitating the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, and promote increased assertiveness in the assessment and the selection of appropriate therapies.

The XY female and SWYER syndrome.

SWYER syndrome or pure gonadal dysgenesis is a disease in which individuals with a female phenotype, with female external genital organs, have a 46 XY karyotype and streak gonads that ought to be removed given their high malignization potential. We present the case of a patient with Swyer syndrome, and compare them with other cases of patients with a 46 XY karyotype, phenotypically female, such as in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia from deficiency of the 17 α hydroxylase/17-20 Lyase enzyme and in the Congenital Androgenic Insensitivity Syndrome.

Necrotizing pneumonia in children submitted to thoracoscopy due to pleural empyema: incidence, treatment and clinical evolution.

Objective: To assess the incidence of necrotizing pneumonia (NP) in children submitted to thoracoscopy, comparing patients with and without NP in terms of the presentation and clinical evolution.

Methods: A retrospective study of children with pleural empyema submitted to thoracoscopy. Thoracoscopy was performed in patients not previously submitted to thoracic drainage and in whom there was evidence of loculated effusion or pneumothorax, as well as in those previously submitted to thoracic drainage and in whom there was persistent pneumothorax or fever with purulent discharge.

The Malone Antegrade Continence Enema (MACE) principle in children: is it important if the conduit is implanted in the left or the right colon?

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine which was the optimal side for the conduit to be placed (right or left colon) for antegrade continence enema implantation.

Materials And Methods: Between July 1999 and March 2006, 31 patients underwent the construction of a catheterizable conduit using the Malone principle (MACE) In 22 cases the conduit was re-implanted in the right colon and in 9 cases in the left colon. There were 20 male patients and 11 female patients, with a mean age of 10.

Study of the density of ganglion cells in the terminal bowel of rats with anorectal malformations.

Purpose: To study the ganglion cells (GC) in the terminal bowel of rats with ethylenethiourea (ETU) induced anorectal malformations (ARM).

Methods: The animals were divided into three groups: Group A--normal fetuses from pregnant rats that were not administered ETU; Group B--fetuses without ARM born from pregnant rats that were administered ETU and Group C--fetuses with ARM born from pregnant rats that received ETU. ETU was administered on the 11th day of pregnancy at the dose of 125 mg/kg body weight by gastric gavage.

Evaluation of an experimental model for anorectal anomalies induced by ethylenethiourea.

Purpose: To evaluate an experimental model for anorectal anomalies and their principal associated malformations induced by ethylene thiourea (ETU).

Methods: Rat fetuses were utilized, divided into two groups: experimental group - fetuses from rats that received ETU on the 11th day of gestation at the dose of 125 mg/kg, diluted in distilled water to 1% concentration (12.5 ml/kg); and control group - fetuses from rats that received distilled water alone, at a volume of 12.

Glycine reduces tissue lipid peroxidation in hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced necrotizing enterocolitis in rats.

Purpose: To assess the protective effect of glycine in an experimental model of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC).

Methods: Fifty (50) neonatal Wistar rats, from a litter of six female rats and weighing 4 to 6 grams, were used. Five animals were cannibalized and the 45 remaining were distributed into three groups: the G1 normal control group (n=12); the G2 Group (n=16), of animals that underwent hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR); the G3 Group of animals (n=17) that underwent HR following a 5% intraperitoneal glycine infusion.

[Evaluation of an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis in rats].

Objective: To evaluate an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis in rats proposed by OKUR e col. in 1995.

Methods: On their first day of life, 28 EPM-Wistar rats weighing between 4 and 6 grams were submitted to hypoxia (H) by placing them in a CO2 gas chamber for rodents' sacrifice, where they received a 100% CO2 air flow for 5 minutes.