Enhancing adipose tissue plasticity: progenitor cell roles in metabolic health.

Adipose tissue demonstrates considerable plasticity and heterogeneity, enabling metabolic, cellular and structural adaptations to environmental signals. This adaptability is key for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Impaired adipose tissue plasticity can lead to abnormal adipose tissue responses to metabolic cues, which contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases.

Comparative analysis of the duodenojejunal microbiome with the oral and fecal microbiomes reveals its stronger association with obesity and nutrition.

The intestinal microbiota is increasingly recognized as a crucial player in the development and maintenance of various chronic conditions, including obesity and associated metabolic diseases. While most research focuses on the fecal microbiota due to its easier accessibility, the small intestine, as a major site for nutrient sensing and absorption, warrants further investigation to determine its microbiota composition and functions. Here, we conducted a clinical research project in 30 age- and sex-matched participants with ( = 15) and without ( = 15) obesity.

Metabolic and hepatic phenotypes in sarcopenic obesity and impact of bariatric surgery.

Background & Aims: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is associated with cardiometabolic disorders and steatotic liver disease and carries major health risks. We assessed the hepatic and metabolic clinical phenotype associated with SO in patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery (BS). We also evaluated whether weight-loss and metabolic improvement post-surgery differ between patients with and without SO.

Kinetics of imidazole propionate from orally delivered histidine in mice and humans.

Imidazole Propionate (ImP), a gut-derived metabolite from histidine, affects insulin signaling in mice and is elevated in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the source of histidine and the role of the gut microbiota remain unclear. We conducted an intervention study in mice and humans, comparing ImP kinetics in mice on a high-fat diet with varying histidine levels and antibiotics, and assessed ImP levels in healthy and T2D subjects with histidine supplementation.

The epicardial adipose tissue confined in the atrioventricular groove can be used to assess atrial adipose tissue and atrial dysfunction in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Aims: The growing interest in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) as a biomarker of atrial fibrillation is limited by the difficulties in isolating EAT from other paracardial adipose tissues. We tested the feasibility and value of measuring the pure EAT contained in the atrioventricular groove (GEAT) using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in patients with distinct metabolic disorders.

Methods And Results: CMR was performed on 100 patients from the MetaCardis cohort: obese ( = 18), metabolic syndrome (MSD) ( = 25), type-2 diabetes (T2D) ( = 42), and age- and gender-matched healthy controls ( = 15).

Major depletion of insulin sensitivity-associated taxa in the gut microbiome of persons living with HIV controlled by antiretroviral drugs.

Background: Persons living with HIV (PWH) harbor an altered gut microbiome (higher abundance of Prevotella and lower abundance of Bacillota and Ruminococcus lineages) compared to non-infected individuals. Some of these alterations are linked to sexual preference and others to the HIV infection. The relationship between these lineages and metabolic alterations, often present in aging PWH, has been poorly investigated.

Reduced adipocyte glutaminase activity promotes energy expenditure and metabolic health.

Glutamine and glutamate are interconverted by several enzymes and alterations in this metabolic cycle are linked to cardiometabolic traits. Herein, we show that obesity-associated insulin resistance is characterized by decreased plasma and white adipose tissue glutamine-to-glutamate ratios. We couple these stoichiometric changes to perturbed fat cell glutaminase and glutamine synthase messenger RNA and protein abundance, which together promote glutaminolysis.

Fructooligosaccharides benefits on glucose homeostasis upon high-fat diet feeding require type 2 conventional dendritic cells.

Diet composition impacts metabolic health and is now recognized to shape the immune system, especially in the intestinal tract. Nutritional imbalance and increased caloric intake are induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in which lipids are enriched at the expense of dietary fibers. Such nutritional challenge alters glucose homeostasis as well as intestinal immunity.

How does bariatric surgery remodel adipose tissue?

This lecture delves into the pivotal role of adipose tissue in obesity and its response to weight loss, particularly via bariatric surgery. Adipose tissue, responsible for storing excess energy, undergoes significant changes during obesity, marked by inflammation and fibrosis. Bariatric surgery, serving as a model, allow the exploration of adipose tissue remodeling post-weight loss, inducing metabolic and fibro-inflammatory shifts.

Role of IL-18 in adipose tissue remodeling and metabolic dysfunction.

Background/objectives: Proinflammatory cytokines are increased in obese adipose tissue, including inflammasome key masters. Conversely, IL-18 protects against obesity and metabolic dysfunction. We focused on the IL-18 effect in controlling adipose tissue remodeling and metabolism.

Extracellular matrix hyaluronan modulates fat cell differentiation and primary cilia dynamics.

Hyaluronan is an important extracellular matrix component, with poorly documented physiological role in the context of lipid-rich adipose tissue. We have investigated the global impact of hyaluronan removal from adipose tissue environment by in vitro exposure to exogenous hyaluronidase (or heat inactivated enzyme). Gene set expression analysis from RNA sequencing revealed downregulated adipogenesis as a main response to hyaluronan removal from human adipose tissue samples, which was confirmed by hyaluronidase-mediated inhibition of adipocyte differentiation in the 3T3L1 adipose cell line.

Hyperphagia and impulsivity: use of self-administered Dykens' and in-house impulsivity questionnaires to characterize eating behaviors in children with severe and early-onset obesity.

Background: The determinants of early-onset obesity (< 6 years) are not completely elucidated, however eating behavior has a central role. To date no study has explored eating behavior in children with severe, early-onset obesity. Self-administered questionnaire data from these children were examined to evaluate eating behavior and the etiology of early-onset obesity.

Nourishing the gut: the impact of diet on host-gut microbiota interaction.

Purpose Of Review: Understanding the spectrum of drivers that influence the gut microbiome (GM) remains a crucial field of investigation. Among these factors, diet has received particular attention, as it could explain up to 20% of the variability in GM composition between individuals. This review focuses on the complex relationships between different dietary patterns and GM in humans, based on recent findings.

Functional alterations and predictive capacity of gut microbiome in type 2 diabetes.

The gut microbiome plays a significant role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), but the functional mechanisms behind this association merit deeper investigation. Here, we used the nanopore sequencing technology for metagenomic analyses to compare the gut microbiome of individuals with T2DM from the United Arab Emirates (n = 40) with that of control (n = 44). DMM enterotyping of the cohort resulted concordantly with previous results, in three dominant groups Bacteroides (K1), Firmicutes (K2), and Prevotella (K3) lineages.

Serum Versus Fecal Calprotectin Levels in Patients with Severe Obesity Before and 6 Months After Roux-Y-Gastric Bypass: Report of the Prospective Leaky-Gut Study.

Introduction: Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation, including intestinal inflammation based on fecal or serum calprotectin (FC-SC) measurement. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) improves obesity-related parameters. However, the association between FC-SC levels and postoperative course and the link with metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes before and after RYGB remains unclear.

Beneficial Effects of Setmelanotide in a 5-Year-Old Boy With POMC Deficiency and on His Caregivers.

The melanocortin-4 receptor agonist setmelanotide is now recommended for the treatment of genetic obesity due to proopiomelanocortin (POMC), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1), or leptin receptor (LEPR) deficiency in patients aged 6 years and older. Here, we describe the clinical benefit of setmelanotide administration in a 5-year-old child with severe hyperphagia and obesity due to POMC deficiency. Daily administration of 0.

Upper small intestine microbiome in obesity and related metabolic disorders: A new field of investigation.

The study of the gut microbiome holds great promise for understanding and treating metabolic diseases, as its functions and derived metabolites can influence the metabolic status of the host. While research on the fecal microbiome has provided valuable insights, it tells us only part of the story. This limitation arises from the substantial variations in microorganism distribution throughout the gastrointestinal tract due to changes in physicochemical conditions.

Evidence of a causal and modifiable relationship between kidney function and circulating trimethylamine N-oxide.

The host-microbiota co-metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is linked to increased cardiovascular risk but how its circulating levels are regulated remains unclear. We applied "explainable" machine learning, univariate, multivariate and mediation analyses of fasting plasma TMAO concentration and a multitude of phenotypes in 1,741 adult Europeans of the MetaCardis study. Here we show that next to age, kidney function is the primary variable predicting circulating TMAO, with microbiota composition and diet playing minor, albeit significant, roles.