Identifying Risk Factors of Children Who Suffered Physical Abuse: A Systematic Review.

Background: Approximately 25% of children in the United States experience child abuse or neglect, 18% of whom are physically abused. Physicians are often in a position to differentiate accidental trauma from physical child abuse. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review recent literature for risk factors associated with physical child abuse.

Radiographic Landmark Measurements for the Femoral Footprint of the Medial Patellofemoral Complex May Be Affected by Visible Femoral Shaft Length on Lateral Knee Radiographs.

Purpose: To assess the effect of visible femoral shaft length on the accuracy of radiographic landmarks of the medial patellofemoral complex (MPFC).

Methods: In 9 cadaveric knees, the MPFC footprint was exposed on the medial femur, and its proximal and distal boundaries were marked. Lateral fluoroscopic images of the knee were assessed in 1-cm length increments, beginning 1 cm proximal to the medial condyle and continuing proximally to 8 cm.

In Vivo Length Changes Between the Attachments of the Medial Patellofemoral Complex Fibers in Knees With Anatomic Risk Factors for Patellar Instability.

Background: Medial patellofemoral complex (MPFC) reconstruction plays an important role in the surgical treatment of patellar instability. Anatomic reconstruction is critical in re-creating the native function of the ligament, which includes minimizing length changes that occur in early flexion. Anatomic risk factors for patellar instability such as trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, and increased tibial tuberosity to trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance have been shown to influence the function of the MPFC graft in cadaveric studies, but the native length change patterns of the MPFC fibers in knees with anatomic risk factors have not been described.

Utility of Diagnostic Ultrasound in the Assessment of Patellar Instability.

Background: The use of imaging to diagnose patellofemoral instability is often limited by the inability to dynamically load the joint during assessment. Therefore, the diagnosis is typically based on physical examination using the glide test to assess and quantify lateral patellar translation. However, precise quantification with this technique remains difficult.

Radiographic Landmarks for the Femoral Attachment of the Medial Patellofemoral Complex: A Cadaveric Study.

Purpose: To report the radiographic landmarks for the medial patellofemoral complex (MPFC) footprint on the medial femur and describe the difference between the radiographic positions corresponding to the medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament (MQTFL) and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) fibers.

Methods: In 8 unpaired cadaveric knees, the MPFC footprint was exposed on the medial femur, and the proximal and distal boundaries of the footprint were marked. Lateral fluoroscopic images of the knee were obtained and analyzed using Image J.

Use of portable ultrasonography for the diagnosis of lateral ankle instability.

Portable ultrasonography is increasingly used to evaluate ankle stability at the point of care. This study aims to determine the correlation of portable-ultrasonographic and fluoroscopic measurements of ankle laxity in a cadaveric ligament transection model of ankle ligament injury. We hypothesize that there is an association between portable-ultrasonographic and fluoroscopic measurements when performing stress evaluation of lateral ankle instability.

Arthroscopic Patellofemoral Measurements Can Reliably Assess Patellar Instability.

Purpose: To arthroscopically describe patellar position based on lateralization, tilt, and engagement, and compare measurements in normal, medial patellofemoral complex-(MPFC) deficient, and MPFC-reconstructed knees.

Methods: In 10 cadaveric knees, arthroscopic patellar position was assessed by performing digital measurements on arthroscopic images obtained through a standard anterolateral portal. Lateralization was measured as millimeters overhang of the patella past the lateral edge of the lateral femoral condyle, viewing from the lateral gutter.