Muscle fiber type effects on energetically optimal cadences in cycling.

Fast-twitch (FT) and slow-twitch (ST) muscle fibers vary in their mechanical and energetic properties, and it has been suggested that muscle fiber type distribution influences energy expenditure and the energetically optimal cadence during pedaling. However, it is challenging to experimentally isolate the effects of muscle fiber type on pedaling energetics. In the present study, a modeling and computer simulation approach was used to test the dependence of muscle energy expenditure on pedaling rate during submaximal cycling.

Neuromusculoskeletal computer modeling and simulation of upright, straight-legged, bipedal locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 288-1).

The skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 288-1, better known as "Lucy") is by far the most complete record of locomotor morphology of early hominids currently available.

A model of human muscle energy expenditure.

A model of muscle energy expenditure was developed for predicting thermal, as well as mechanical energy liberation during simulated muscle contractions. The model was designed to yield energy (heat and work) rate predictions appropriate for human skeletal muscle contracting at normal body temperature. The basic form of the present model is similar to many previous models of muscle energy expenditure, but parameter values were based almost entirely on mammalian muscle data, with preference given to human data where possible.

Effects of mechanical, cold, gustatory, and combined stimulation to the human anterior faucial pillars.

Tactile-Thermal Application (TTA) is a therapy technique designed to enhance the swallowing response in persons with dysphagia. In this study, TTA was broken down into each component stimulus (i.e.