Performance enhancement of zero valent iron based systems using depassivators: Optimization and kinetic mechanisms.

The long-term ability of Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) in contaminant removal relies on the effectiveness of iron to serve as electron donor, which makes it a versatile remediation material. However, the formation of oxide and hydroxide layers results in passive layer on ZVI surface during contaminant removal hinders its reactivity. The focus of this research was to evaluate the performance of corrosive agents such as acetic acid (HAc), aluminium sulphate (Alum) and potassium chloride (KCl) as depassivators to overcome passivation for sustainability and longevity.