Features of Myocarditis: Morphological Differential Diagnosis in Post-COVID-19 Children.

Unlabelled: Myocarditis is characterized by dysfunction and destruction of cardiomyocytes, infiltrative inflammation, and development of fibrosis. Late diagnosis of myocarditis has been a serious global health problem, especially due to the spread of a new coronavirus infection. The aim of this review is to identify differences between myocarditis of viral etiology, including SARS-CoV-2 lesions, based on instrumental and pathomorphological findings.

Cardiac Involvement in Children Affected by COVID-19: Clinical Features and Diagnosis.

COVID-19 () in children is usually mild. However, multiple organ disorders associated with SARS-CoV-2 () have been detected with poor respiratory symptoms. Cardiac changes are noted in 17% to 75% of cases, which are associated with diagnostic difficulties in high-risk groups for the development of complications that are associated with myocardial damage by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

[Challenges of expert assessment of injury to health in the case of iatrogenic mastectomy due to erroneous histological verification of an oncological condition].

A case of commission forensic medical examination in the St. Petersburg Bureau of Forensic Science of a civil case due to an unfavorable treatment outcome is presented. Patient , 45 years old; due to erroneous histological verification of oncological pathology, she had both breasts removed and received antitumor treatment.

Changes in Brain Electrical Activity after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats.

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. To search for new therapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic strategies, numerous models of this disease have been proposed, the most popular being transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Behavioral and sensorimotor testing, biochemical, and histological methods are traditionally used in conjunction with this model to assess the effectiveness of potential treatment options.

[Problems of expert assessment of a case of fatal rupture of the wall of the rudimentary horn of the uterus in ectopic pregnancy].

Recently in the Russian Federation there has been a significant increase in the number of commissions of forensic medical examinations on «medical cases» associated with inappropriate provision of medical care to the population. The problem of investigating such crimes is one of the most difficult tasks facing law enforcement agencies. A special place among them is occupied by examinations related to maternal mortality.

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of and SARS-CoV-2 Infections-Unexpected Similarities of Pathogenesis and What to Expect from Co-Infection.

Tuberculosis is still an important medical and social problem. In recent years, great strides have been made in the fight against , especially in the Russian Federation. However, the emergence of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has led to the long-term isolation of the population on the one hand and to the relevance of using personal protective equipment on the other.

Cause of death based on systematic post-mortem studies in patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 tissue PCR during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Importance: Assessment of the causative association between the COVID-19 and cause of death has been hampered by limited availability of systematically performed autopsies. We aimed to present autopsy-confirmed causes of death in patients who died with COVID-19 and to assess the association between thrombosis and diffuse alveolar damage consistent with COVID-19 (DAD).

Methods: Consecutive forensic (n = 60) and clinical (n = 42) autopsies with positive post-mortem SARS-CoV-2 PCR in lungs (age 73 ± 14 years, 50% men) were included.

[Tropical malaria with a fatal outcome].

Tropical malaria is an acute infectious disease from a group of parasitic diseases transmitted by the vector-borne route. Russia registers deaths due to imported malaria. The paper gives brief information on the epidemiology, etiology, and clinical manifestations of the disease and describes the fatal outcome of cerebral tropical malaria, as well as morphological changes in organs and tissues.

[Anatomical pathology of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection. First impressions].

Unlabelled: To date, descriptive results of a clinical and morphological study of novel coronavirus COVID-19 infection, mainly of the lungs, have appeared. However, in other organs, primarily in the cardiovascular system, there are substantial structural changes that lead to multiple organ dysfunction and contribute to death.

Objective: To analyze the thanatogenetic significance of novel coronavirus COVID-19 infection in different age and gender groups and to describe the main morphopathological manifestations in various organs.

Mast cell degranulation and histamine release during A/H5N1 influenza infection in influenza-sensitized mice.

Here we evaluate the role of mast cells in infection with influenza A/H5N1 virus in immunized mice. CBA mice were immunized intramuscularly with formalin-inactivated A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1)NIBRG-14 (H5N1). Serum samples were obtained on days 7, 12, 14, 21 after immunization.

[COMPLEXITIES IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS (CLINICAL CASE)].

Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system in children are characterized by the complexity of differential diagnosis and require an integrated approach using laboratory and instrumental studies. The clinical observation of a child with gradually progressing neurological symptoms and the presence of focal changes in the brain demonstrates the difficulty of differential diagnosis between demyelinating disease, neuroinfection and hematologic disease (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis), which initialized with CNS damage. The article presents the tactics of etio-pathogenetic treatment of a patient during differential diagnosis with the use of cytoflavin in complex therapy as a multi-factor drug that allows to stabilize the patient's condition.

Mucosal vaccine based on attenuated influenza virus and the group B Streptococcus recombinant peptides protected mice from influenza and S. pneumoniae infections.

Although many influenza-related deaths are attributable to secondary bacterial infection with S. pneumoniae, vaccines that simultaneously protect against influenza and pneumococcal infection are currently not developed. The aim of our study was to evaluate the possibility to prevent post-influenza pneumococcal infection using an associated vaccine based on live influenza vaccine (LAIV) combined with recombinant polypeptides derived from superficial factors of Group B streptococcus (GBS) determining pathogenicity.

Nicotinamide riboside has protective effects in a rat model of mesenteric ischaemia-reperfusion.

Acute mesenteric ischaemia is a syndrome caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in ischaemia and eventual gangrene of the bowel wall. Although relatively rare, it is a potentially life-threatening condition. The maintenance of haemodynamic stability, along with adequate oxygen saturation, and the correction of any electrolyte imbalance, are of the utmost importance.

[Difficulties of differential diagnosis of organic injury of the nervous system in children].

The growth of organic lesions of the central nervous system (CNS) in children, clinical polymorphism, the similarity of clinical and laboratory parameters in inflammatory, demyelinating and oncological diseases necessitate careful differential diagnosis. The clinical case presented in the article confirms the difficulties of differential diagnosis of organic CNS lesion in children, and therefore it is urgent to expand the indications for a brain biopsy, which will allow to timely diagnose correctly, avoid an erroneous diagnostic search and develop adequate tactics.

[Clinical and morphological correlations in occult hepatitis B].

Unlabelled: Occult hepatitis B (ОHB) characterized by the absence of blood HBsAg attracts the attention of specialists of different profiles; however, its clinical morphological aspects have not been practically studied.

Aim: to estimate the proportion of OHB in the structure of fatal outcomes in chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and to characterize its clinical course and structural changes on autopsy materials.

Material And Methods: A total of 455 autopsy cases of CVH were examined for its etiology in the S.

Prevention of Influenza A(H7N9) and Bacterial Infections in Mice Using Intranasal Immunization With Live Influenza Vaccine and the Group B Streptococcus Recombinant Polypeptides.

We investigate the protective effect of combined vaccination based on live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and group B streptococcus (GBS) recombinant polypeptides against potential pandemic H7N9 influenza infection followed by GBS burden. Mice were intranasally immunized using 107 50% egg infectious dose (EID) of H7N3 LAIV, the mix of the 4 GBS peptides (group B streptococcus vaccine [GBSV]), or combined LAIV + GBSV vaccine. The LAIV raised serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against H7N9 in higher titers than against H7N3.

[CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTESTINAL LESIONS IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS].

Objective: To compare the clinical, endoscopic picture and morphological changes of the intestinal mucosa in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

Materials And Methods: 31 patients with PSC (women - 15 men - 16) were included in study group. The diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) was established in 8 patients, Crohn’s disease (CD) - in 5, unclassified colitis (UCC) - in 7, and 11 patients had no clinical and endoscopic signs of IBD.

[Morphological diagnosis of tuberculosis under present-day conditions].

The paper presents general statistical data on morbidity and mortality rates of tuberculosis, which show positive trends in recent years, with exception of those of its concurrence with HIV infection. The tasks of the morphological diagnosis of tuberculosis are divided into 4 groups: 1) to refine approaches to detecting mycobacteria in tissues; 2) to optimize the postmortem diagnosis of tuberculosis; 3) to optimize the lifetime differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and to develop methods for predicting its course; 4) to study the pathogenesis of tuberculosis from the standpoint of modern views on an infectious process. The data suggesting that the tissue forms of mycobacteria, the types of inflammatory responses, and the specific features of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis call for further investigations are given.

Pathogenesis of post primary tuberculosis: immunity and hypersensitivity in the development of cavities.

M. Tuberculosis (MTB) is an obligate human parasite even though humans are more resistant than any of the animals used for study. It is a human parasite because only humans develop post primary tuberculosis (TB) in their lungs that mediates transmission of infection to new hosts.

[Generalized pneumocystosis in HIV infection].

The paper describes a rare case of rapidly progressive generalized pneumocystosis in HIV infection in a 43-year-old patient who died 4.5-5 months after disease onset. The specific feature of the case is that in pneumocystosis there was multiple organ dysfunction, as well as infiltrate decay to form small and large lung cavities similar to tuberculosis ones.

[Role of transforming growth factor-beta in the development of some liver diseases].

Aim: To investigate the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) in the liver tissue of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and chronic hepatitis C (CHC).

Materials And Methods: Liver biopsy specimens were histologically and immunohistologically examined in 37 patients with verified liver diseases (12 with AIH, 15 with PBC, and 10 with CHC).

Results: The expression of TGF-beta1 in the non-parenchymal liver cells of the patients with AIH and PBC with liver cirrhosis was statistically significantly higher than in those without the latter (p = 0.

[Evaluation of the placental morphofunctional state in perinatal HIV transmission].

The paper presents the results of investigating the mechanisms of placental insufficiency and transplacental infection of infants born to HIV-infected mothers who have received specific antiretroviral therapy mothers and who have not.

[Fas, FasL, and bcl-2 expression on hepatic intralobar lymphocytes in different variants of the natural course of chronic HBV and HCV infection and in its outcomes].

The investigation revealed the specific features of cell-mediated hepatocyte damage in different variants of the natural course of chronic HBV and HCV infection and in its outcomes (chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma), by determining the expression of proapoptotic (Fas, FasL) and antiapoptotic (bcl-2) factors on the surface of intralobular lymphocytes. Comparative analysis of the magnitude and pattern of cell infiltration in the liver parenchyma, the functional activity of intralobular lymphocytes showed significant differences in the above indicators in relation to the etiology and stage of the pathological process, suggesting that there were different pathogenetic mechanisms of their natural course. There was a varying potential readiness of intralobular lymphocytes for apoptosis, giving rise to different clinical manifestations in the similar morphological picture.

[Mesenchymal dysplasia of heart valves, cystic medianecrosis of the aorta and herpetic infection].

Histologic and immunohistochemical studies (use of antibodies for viruses of herpes simplex type 1 and 2, desmin, vimentin, SMA as well as polymerase chain reaction to DNA of viruses of herpes simplex) were made on the material of the valves taken from 1326 patients with valvular heart disease, the ascending aorta of 30 patients with aneurysm, valves of 35 deceased patients without cardiovascular pathology. As a result, expression of viruses of herpes simplex type 1 and/or 2 was found in all cases with mesenchymal dysplasia and cystic medianecrosis in endotheliocytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells of valves and aorta. This indicates the role of these viruses in the pathogenesis of these diseases and their common etiology.