α-Tocopherol Stereoisomer Profiles in Matched Human Maternal and Umbilical Cord Plasma.

Background: α-Tocopherol (αT) is essential for fetal development. One study has shown that the human placenta preferentially transfers the natural stereoisomer, -αT. But prenatal supplements generally contain synthetic αT (S-αT).

Brain α-Tocopherol Concentration and Stereoisomer Profile Alter Hippocampal Gene Expression in Weanling Mice.

Background: Alpha-tocopherol (αT), the bioactive constituent of vitamin E, is essential for fertility and neurological development. Synthetic αT (8 stereoisomers; all rac-αT) is added to infant formula at higher concentrations than natural αT (RRR-αT only) to adjust for bio-potency differences, but its effects on brain development are poorly understood.

Objectives: The objective was to determine the impact of bio-potency-adjusted dietary all rac-αT versus RRR-αT, fed to dams, on the hippocampal gene expression in weanling mice.

Infant Rhesus Macaque Brain α-Tocopherol Stereoisomer Profile Is Differentially Impacted by the Source of α-Tocopherol in Infant Formula.

Background: α-Tocopherol (αT) in its natural form [2'R, 4'R, 8'R αT (RRR-αT)] is more bioactive than synthetic α-tocopherol (all rac-αT). All rac-αT is widely used in infant formulas, but its accretion in formula-fed infant brain is unknown.

Objective: We sought to compare αT and stereoisomer status in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) fed infant formula (RRR-αT or all rac-αT) with a reference group fed a mixed diet of breast milk and maternal diet.

-α-Tocopherol Is the Predominant Stereoisomer of α-Tocopherol in Human Milk.

Background: The naturally occurring α-tocopherol (α-T) stereoisomer, -α-tocopherol (-α-T), is known to be more bioactive than -α-tocopherol (-α-T), a synthetic racemic mixture of 8 stereoisomers. There is widespread use of -α-T in maternal supplements.

Objective: The aim of the study was to thoroughly describe the α-T stereoisomer profile of human milk.

Determination of and Total Vitamin K in Infant, Pediatric, and Adult Nutritionals by HPLC with Post Column Reduction and Fluorescence Detection: Multilaboratory Testing Study, AOAC Final Action 2015.09.

A multilaboratory study was completed with AOAC INTERNATIONAL First Action 2015.09, "Determination of and Total () Vitamin K in Infant, Pediatric, and Adult Nutritionals by HPLC with Post Column Reduction and Fluorescence Detection." Eight laboratories from six countries participated in the multilaboratory study.

Determination of Carotenoids in Infant, Pediatric, and Adult Nutritionals by HPLC with UV-Visible Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2017.04.

This reversed-phase HPLC method uses C30 chromatography and UV-Vis spectroscopy to determine cis and trans isomers of lutein, β-carotene, and lycopene in infant, pediatric, and adult nutritionals. Samples are saponified with a mixture of potassium hydroxide, tetrahydrofuran, and methanol, and carotenoids are extracted from saponified samples with 75 + 25 hexane-methyl tertiary butyl ether (MtBE). After extraction, a portion of the organic layer is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in 75 + 25 10% butylated hydroxytoluene in methanol-MtBE.

Determination of Biotin in Infant, Pediatric, and Adult Nutritionals by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Fluorescence Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2016.11.

A reversed-phase HPLC method with postcolumn protein conjugation and fluorescence detection for the quantitative determination of biotin in infant, pediatric, and adult nutritionals was developed and evaluated in a single-laboratory validation (SLV). Sample of appropriate size is mixed with 2% metaphosphoric acid to precipitate out the protein. The filtrate is injected onto a C18 HPLC column in which biotin and riboflavin are separated with an appropriate mobile phase.

Determination of Myo-Inositol in Infant, Pediatric, and Adult Formulas by Liquid Chromatography-Pulsed Amperometric Detection with Column Switching: Collaborative Study, Final Action 2011.18.

AOAC First Action Method 2011.18, Myo-Inositol (Free and Bound as Phosphatidylinositol) in Infant and Pediatric Formulas and Adult Nutritionals, was collaboratively studied. With this method free myo-inositol and phosphatidylinositol bound myo-inositol are extracted using two different sample preparation procedures, separated by ion chromatography using a combination of Dionex Carbo Pac PA1 and MA1 columns with column switching, and detected with pulsed amperometry using a gold electrode.

Determination of Vitamin B12 in Infant, Adult, and Pediatric Formulas by HPLC-UV and Column Switching: Collaborative Study, Final Action 2011.10.

AOAC First Action Method 2011.10, Vitamin B12 in Infant and Pediatric Formulas and Adult Nutritionals, was collaboratively studied. This method uses a pH 4.

Determination of Vitamin K1 in Infant, Pediatric, and Adult Nutritionals by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2015.09.

This normal-phase HPLC method with postcolumn reduction and fluorescence detection allows for the quantitative determination of trans vitamin K1 in infant, pediatric, and adult nutritionals. Vitamin K1 is extracted from products with iso-octane after precipitation of proteins and release of lipids with methanol. Prepared samples are injected onto a silica HPLC column where cis and trans vitamin K1 are separated with an iso-octane-isopropanol mobile phase.

Quantification of myo-inositol, 1,5-anhydro- D-sorbitol, and D-chiro-inositol using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in very small volume clinical samples.

Inositol is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and is one of nine biologically significant isomers of hexahydroxycyclohexane. Myo-inositol is the primary biologically active form and is present in higher concentrations in the fetus and newborn than in adults. It is currently being examined for the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in newborn preterm infants.

Determination of vitamins A and E in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritional formula by HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection: First Action 2012.09.

The method presented is for quantification of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), vitamin E acetate, vitamin A acetate, and vitamin A palmitate in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritionals. The entire lipid fraction, including vitamins A and E, is extracted from product with iso-octane after products are mixed with methanol, which precipitates proteins and disrupts micelles freeing lipids for extraction. Vitamin A palmitate, vitamin A acetate, and vitamin E acetate are separated from alpha-tocopherol on a 3 cm silica column with a 1% methylene chloride, 0.

Vitamin C in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritional formula by HPLC with UV detection: First Action 2012.21.

This method for the determination of vitamin C by HPLC allows for the separation and quantitation of L-ascorbic acid in infant, pediatric, and adult nutritional products. Liquids, semisolids, and powders ranging from 2 to 1000 mg/kg in their consumable forms were analyzed during the method validation. The method met the standard method performance requirements and was approved by an AOAC Expert Review Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals on October 2, 2012.

Determination of myo-inositol (free and bound as phosphatidylinositol) in infant formula and adult nutritionals by liquid chromatography/pulsed amperometry with column switching: first action 2011.18.

Myo-inositol is a 6-carbon cyclic polyalcohol also known as meso-inositol, meat sugar, inosite, and i-inositol. It occurs in nature in both free (myo-inositol) and bound (inositol phosphates and phosphatidylinositol) forms. For the determination of free myo-inositol, samples are mixed with dilute hydrochloric acid to extract myo-inositol and precipitate proteins, diluted with water, and filtered.

Determination of vitamin B12 in infant formula and adult nutritionals by HPLC: First Action 2011.10.

During the "Standards Development and International Harmonization: AOAC INTERNATIONAL Mid-Year Meeting" held on June 29, 2011, an Expert Review Panel (ERP) reviewed the method "Determination of Vitamin B12 in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals by HPLC." Under the new pathway to Official Methods, the ERP adopted the method as Official First Action. The method is applicable to the determination of vitamin B12 in infant formula and adult nutritionals.

Determination of vitamin A (retinol) in infant and medical nutritional formulas with AOAC method 992.06 using a modified extraction procedure: single-laboratory validation.

The applicability of AOAC Official Method 992.06, vitamin A (retinol) in milk-based infant formula can be extended to specialty infant formulas, and medical and adult nutritional products with a few minor modifications to the sample preparation procedure. Currently, AOAC Official Method 992.

Determination of trans vitamin K1 in infant and medical nutritional products using AOAC Method 999.15 with modified preparation and extraction procedures and C30 bonded phase chromatography: single-laboratory validation.

Modifications were made to AOAC Official Method 999.15 to extend its applicability to specialty infant formulas containing hydrolyzed proteins and free amino acids, and to medical and adult nutritional products. Minor changes to the sample preparation procedure and chromatographic separation improved vitamin K1 recoveries and reduced chromatographic interferences in these types of matrixes.