Environmental Persistence of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus subtilis Spores.

There is a lack of data for how the viability of biological agents may degrade over time in different environments. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the persistence of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus subtilis spores on outdoor materials with and without exposure to simulated sunlight, using ultraviolet (UV)-A/B radiation. Spores were inoculated onto glass, wood, concrete, and topsoil and recovered after periods of 2, 14, 28, and 56 days.

Assessment of self-help methods to reduce potential exposure to radiological contamination after a large-scale radiological release.

After the release of radioactive materials from a large radiological dispersal device (e.g., dirty bomb), improvised nuclear detonation, or nuclear power plant accident, up to hundreds of square miles may be contaminated.

Hospital affiliations, co-branding, and consumer impact.

Alliances, affiliations, and partnerships continue to grow as one way for health care organizations to better serve their customers and compete with other organizations and networks. These organizational relationships are often promoted through co-branding joint programs and services. A study of consumers was conducted and shows that these organizational relationships positively affect consumer future behavior and benefit the organizations involved.

Customer advisory groups: another way to listen to the marketplace.

Customer advisory groups (CAGs) are formal groups of customers (referring physicians, patients, health insurance brokers, etc.) who meet regularly to share their ideas and to provide feedback to proposed or existing marketing strategies, programs, and activities. While CAGs are very prevalent in other industries they appear to be relatively underutilized in health care.

Demonstrating marketing accountability.

Pressure on health care marketers to demonstrate effectiveness of their strategies and show their contribution to organizational goals is growing. A seven-tiered model based on the concepts of structure (having the right people, systems), process (doing the right things in the right way), and outcomes (results) is discussed. Examples of measures for each tier are provided and the benefits of using the model as a tool for measuring, organizing, tracking, and communicating appropriate information are provided.

A general indication of the Contemporary background levels of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs in the ambient air over rural and remote areas of the United States.

Long-term measurements of the atmospheric concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs were taken in rural and remote areas of the United States by the National Dioxin Air Monitoring Network (NDAMN). A total of 21 quarterly sampling moments occurred from June, 1998 to December, 2002 at 34 locations geographically distributed throughout the United States. Sampling sites were located in rural and remote areas to obtain background air concentrations of dioxin-like compounds.