Dynamic recruitment of microRNAs to their mRNA targets in the regenerating liver.

Background: Validation of physiologic miRNA targets has been met with significant challenges. We employed HITS-CLIP to identify which miRNAs participate in liver regeneration, and to identify their target mRNAs.

Results: miRNA recruitment to the RISC is highly dynamic, changing more than five-fold for several miRNAs.

Immunogenic properties of plant-derived recombinant smallpox vaccine candidate pB5.

The extracellular virion membrane protein B5 is a potent inducer of immune responses capable of protecting mice and primates against poxvirus infections. Here, we examined the antibody response induced in mice immunized intramuscularly (i.m.

Smallpox subunit vaccine produced in Planta confers protection in mice.

We report here the in planta production of the recombinant vaccinia virus B5 antigenic domain (pB5), an attractive component of a subunit vaccine against smallpox. The antigenic domain was expressed by using efficient transient and constitutive plant expression systems and tested by various immunization routes in two animal models. Whereas oral administration in mice or the minipig with collard-derived insoluble pB5 did not generate an anti-B5 immune response, intranasal administration of soluble pB5 led to a rise of B5-specific immunoglobulins, and parenteral immunization led to a strong anti-B5 immune response in both mice and the minipig.