Nasal cannula technique for ventilating during the administration of general anesthesia in neonates and pediatric patients.

: Minor surgeries on the oral cavity, e.g., frenulectomies, are often performed under general mask anesthesia.

Diagnosis of human bovine tuberculosis aided by PET/CT scanning and EBUS-TBNA.

Human bovine tuberculosis is a rare zoonotic infection in developed countries which has been achieved predominantly by effective eradication programmes in cattle. The principal modes of transmission are consumption of unpasteurised dairy products and close contact with infected cattle. The clinical and radiological presentation is indistinguishable from tuberculosis caused by The diagnosis should be considered in individuals with relevant risk factors who present with intra/extrathoracic pathology.

Could an increase in vigilance for spinal tuberculosis at primary health care level, enable earlier diagnosis at district level in a tuberculosis endemic country?

Background: Expert clinicians and researchers in the field of spinal tuberculosis (STB) advocate for early identification and diagnosis as a key to reducing disability, severity of disease, expensive surgery and death, especially in tuberculosis (TB) endemic countries like South Africa. South Africa has the highest incidence per capita of tuberculosis in the world, and a conservative estimate of the incidence of STB in South Africa is 8-16:100 000. People living with STB may initially present to primary health care (PHC) centres, where the opportunity exists for early identification.

Precordial Doppler evaluation of simple bone cyst injection.

Background: A randomized prospective trial of marrow-versus-steroids treatment of solitary bone cyst was ongoing. Protocol required contrast injection of the cyst. A subpopulation was noted to have large, rapid venous outflow of contrast material (omnipaque).