Neighborhood Opportunity and Obesity in Early Adolescence: Differential Associations by Sex.

Purpose: Though research indicates that certain aspects of adverse neighborhood conditions may influence weight development in childhood and adolescence, it is unknown if the Child Opportunity Index (COI), a composite measure of 29 indicators of neighborhood conditions, is associated with weight outcomes in adolescence. We hypothesized that lower COI would be associated with higher overweight and obesity in cross-sectional and longitudinal modeling in a national sample of 9 year olds and 10 year olds and that this association would be different by sex.

Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 11,857), we examined the cross-sectional association between COI quintile and overweight and obesity in 9 year olds and 10 year olds.

Comparing two measures of neighborhood quality and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in the adolescent brain cognitive development study.

Purpose: There is widespread recognition of the importance and complexity of measuring neighborhood contexts within research on child psychopathology. In this study, we assessed the cross-sectional associations between two measures of neighborhood quality and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in preadolescence.

Methods: Drawing on baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (n = 10,577 preadolescents), we examined two multi-component assessments of neighborhood quality in relation to children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms: the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), which measures socioeconomic adversity, and the Child Opportunity Index 2.

Parent-child separation and cardiometabolic outcomes and risk factors in adulthood: A systematic review.

Background: Parent-child separation has been associated with negative mental health across childhood and adulthood, yet little is known about the long-term impacts for cardiovascular health. This systematic review synthesized and evaluated the quality of the literature examining the association between exposures to parent-child separation and cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood.

Methods: Following a registered protocol, online databases (Pubmed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science) were searched for relevant studies.

Stress and Anxiety are Associated with Lower Gestational Weight Gain in Hispanic Women.

Objective: Prior studies indicate that inadequate and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with poor maternal and infant outcomes, and that stress and anxiety may contribute to GWG. However, these studies often failed to use validated measures of stress and anxiety, measured only total GWG, and were limited to largely non-Hispanic White populations. We explored the association between stress and anxiety and GWG.

Prepregnancy Body Mass Index, Gestational Weight Gain, and Odds of Cesarean Delivery in Hispanic Women.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and cesarean delivery in Hispanics.

Methods: We examined these associations among 1,215 participants in Proyecto Buena Salud, a prospective cohort of Hispanic women studied from 2006 to 2011. Prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and the mode of delivery were abstracted from medical records.

Perinatal weight and risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms.

Purpose: Prepregnancy obesity and weight changes accompanying pregnancy (gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention) may be associated with risk of maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy and in the postpartum. The few studies that have examined these relationships report conflicting findings.

Methods: We studied pregnant (n = 2112) and postpartum (n = 1686) women enrolled in Project Viva.

Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Household Income in Relation to Sleep in Early Childhood.

OBJECTIVE : Sleep health is critical for children to adapt to evolving cognitive-socioemotional contexts. Given that sleep timing in early childhood is instituted under caregiver control, the family context likely has an influential role on children's sleep. This study investigated links between maternal depressive symptoms and variability in children's sleep, and whether household income moderated this relation.

Pregnancy Hyperglycaemia and Risk of Prenatal and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms.

Background: Glucose dysregulation in pregnancy may affect maternal depressive symptoms during the prenatal and postpartum periods via both physiologic and psychological pathways.

Methods: During mid-pregnancy, a combination of 50-g 1-h non-fasting glucose challenge test (GCT) and 100-g 3-h fasting oral glucose tolerance test was used to determine pregnancy glycaemic status among women participating in Project Viva: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), isolated hyperglycaemia (IHG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), we assessed depressive symptoms at mid-pregnancy and again at 6 months postpartum.

Sexual Relationships Outside Primary Partnerships and Abstinence Are Associated With Lower Adherence and Adherence Gaps: Data From the Partners PrEP Ancillary Adherence Study.

Objective: To assess the role of sexual relationships on levels and patterns of adherence to medication for pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV.

Methods: We enrolled 1147 HIV-negative individuals in long-term serodiscordant relationships at 3 sites in Uganda from the Partners Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Study, a randomized placebo-controlled trial of daily oral tenofovir and emtricitabine/tenofovir. We used generalized estimation equations to assess the effects of sexual relationships on low adherence (<80%) and on gaps in adherence.

The role of body image in prenatal and postpartum depression: a critical review of the literature.

Maternal depression increases risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, and recent evidence suggests that body image may play an important role in depression. This systematic review identifies studies of body image and perinatal depression with the goal of elucidating the complex role that body image plays in prenatal and postpartum depression, improving measurement, and informing next steps in research. We conducted a literature search of the PubMed database (1996-2014) for English language studies of (1) depression, (2) body image, and (3) pregnancy or postpartum.

Physical activity interventions in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy associated with an increased incidence of pregnancy complications, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and maternal and fetal risks of chronic health conditions later in life. Physical activity has been proposed to reduce the risk of GDM and is supported by observational studies, but experimental research assessing its effectiveness is limited and conflicting. We aimed to use meta-analysis to synthesize existing randomized controlled studies of physical activity and GDM.

Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and elevated depressive symptoms in a Hispanic cohort.

Objectives: Our objective was to assess the associations among prepregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and elevated depressive symptoms across pregnancy.

Methods: We evaluated these associations among 1,090 participants in Proyecto Buena Salud, a prospective cohort study of Hispanic (predominantly Puerto Rican) women in Western Massachusetts. BMI and GWG were self-reported; GWG was classified according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines.

Co-occurrence of autism and asthma in a nationally-representative sample of children in the United States.

Few large epidemiological studies have examined the co-occurrence of autism and asthma. We performed a cross-sectional study to examine this association using the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health dataset (n = 77,951). We controlled for confounders and tested for autism-secondhand smoke interaction.

Prenatal depressive symptoms and abnormalities of glucose tolerance during pregnancy among Hispanic women.

The aim of this study is to prospectively examine the association between maternal depressive symptoms in early pregnancy and risk of abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in mid-pregnancy. We evaluated this association among 934 participants in Proyecto Buena Salud, a prospective cohort study of Hispanic (predominantly Puerto Rican) women in Western Massachusetts. Depressive symptoms were assessed in early pregnancy using the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

Racial discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and depressive symptoms among pregnant black and African American women in the United States.

Purpose: To assess the association between self-reported racial discrimination and prenatal depressive symptoms among black women.

Methods: Our study population consisted of two cohorts of pregnant women: the Asthma Coalition on Community, Environment, and Social Stress project (ACCESS) and Project Viva. We measured self-reported racial discrimination among black women using a modified Experiences of Discrimination scale (score 0-8).

Maternal perinatal depression is not independently associated with child body mass index in the Generation R Study: methods and missing data matter.

Objectives: To advance the understanding of the relationship between maternal perinatal depression and child overweight, we used appropriate methodology to account for missing data; incorporated three exposure time points; and included adequate covariate adjustment in a large, sociodemographically diverse sample.

Study Design And Setting: We used data from 6,782 mother-child pairs in a prospective population-based study. Maternal depression was assessed with the Brief Symptom Inventory at midpregnancy and 2 and 6 months postpartum.

Depressive symptoms in extended-care employees: children, social support, and work-family conditions.

To examine the relation between having a child aged 18 years and under in the home and employee depressive symptoms, we analyzed cross-sectional data from four extended care facilities in Boston, MA (n = 376 employees). Results show that having a child is associated with slightly higher depressive symptoms. The strength of this relationship in our models is attenuated with the inclusion of social support at home (β = 1.

Maternal depression in the United States: nationally representative rates and risks.

Objectives: To examine the public health burden of major depressive disorder (MDD) among mothers: its prevalence and sociodemographic patterns; associated functioning, comorbidities, and adversities; and racial/ethnic disparities.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis of 8916 mothers in the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative survey of the civilian U.S.

Socioeconomic status, occupational characteristics, and sleep duration in African/Caribbean immigrants and US White health care workers.

Study Objectives: o advance our understanding of the interplay of socioeconomic factors, occupational exposures, and race/ethnicity as they relate to sleep duration. We hypothesize that non Hispanic African/Caribbean immigrant employees in long term health care have shorter sleep duration than non Hispanic white employees, and that low education, low income, and occupational exposures including night work and job strain account for some of the African/Caribbean immigrant-white difference in sleep duration.

Design: Cross sectional

Setting: Four extended care facilities in Massachusetts, United States

Participants: 340 employees in extended care facilities

Measurements And Results: Sleep duration was assessed with wrist actigraphy for a mean of 6.

Maternal depressive symptoms not associated with reduced height in young children in a US prospective cohort study.

Background: Shorter stature is associated with greater all cause and heart disease mortality, but taller stature with increased risk of cancer mortality. Though childhood environment is important in determining height, limited data address how maternal depression affects linear growth in children. We examined the relationships between antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms and child height and linear growth from birth to age 3 years in a U.

Managers' practices related to work-family balance predict employee cardiovascular risk and sleep duration in extended care settings.

An increasing proportion of U.S. workers have family caregiving responsibilities.

Antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms are differentially associated with early childhood weight and adiposity.

Antenatal depression is associated with small-for-gestational age, but few studies have examined associations with weight during childhood. Similarly, few studies address whether antenatal and postpartum depression differentially affect child weight. Among 838 mother-child dyads in Project Viva, a prospective cohort study, we examined relationships of antenatal and postpartum depression with child weight and adiposity.

Perceived neighborhood safety and incident mobility disability among elders: the hazards of poverty.

Background: We investigated whether lack of perceived neighborhood safety due to crime, or living in high crime neighborhoods was associated with incident mobility disability in elderly populations. We hypothesized that low-income elders and elders at retirement age (65 - 74) would be at greatest risk of mobility disability onset in the face of perceived or measured crime-related safety hazards.

Methods: We conducted the study in the New Haven Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE), a longitudinal cohort study of community-dwelling elders aged 65 and older who were residents of New Haven, Connecticut in 1982.

Incorporating home demands into models of job strain: findings from the work, family, and health network.

Objective: The purpose of this article was to integrate home demands with the demand-control-support model to test if home demands interact with job strain to increase depressive symptoms.

Methods: Data were from 431 employees in four extended care facilities. Presence of a child younger than 18 years in the household signified home demands.