Homelessness in Pregnancy and Increased Risk of Adverse Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Limited data indicates that homelessness during pregnancy is linked to adverse outcomes for both mothers and newborns, but there is an information gap surrounding pregnant individuals struggling with homelessness. In a landscape of increasing healthcare disparities, housing shortages and maternal mortality, information on this vulnerable population is fundamental to the creation of targeted interventions and outreach. The current study investigates homelessness as a risk factor for adverse obstetrical, neonatal, and postpartum outcomes.

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Management: A Systematic Review and Care Pathway Description Including Volume-Targeted Ventilation.

Background: Although it is well established that standardized treatment protocols improve outcomes for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), there remains variance between existing protocols.

Purpose: The purpose of this article was to review current literature on protocols for CDH management in the preoperative period and to describe a care pathway integrating best practice elements from existing literature with volume-targeted ventilation strategies previously in place at a major tertiary care center in the Pacific Northwestern United States.

Methods/search Strategy: A systematic review of literature was performed according to PRISMA guidelines to identify current publications on CDH protocols and examine them for similarities and differences, particularly regarding ventilation strategies.

Mammographic density and breast cancer risk in breast screening assessment cases and women with a family history of breast cancer.

Background: Mammographic density has been shown to be a strong independent predictor of breast cancer and a causative factor in reducing the sensitivity of mammography. There remain questions as to the use of mammographic density information in the context of screening and risk management, and of the association with cancer in populations known to be at increased risk of breast cancer.

Aim: To assess the association of breast density with presence of cancer by measuring mammographic density visually as a percentage, and with two automated volumetric methods, Quantra™ and VolparaDensity™.

Relative prospects of children as they age: Canadians and Americans in midlife in the great recession frame future generations.

Studies of intergenerational relations in aging and changing families often focus on the present, how generations interact, relate or depend on each other in families. Less often is the focus on the prospective, on projected perceptions of life course prospects for future generations as they age. In this paper, part of a large multi-method project, we adopt this focus.

Re-Examining the Association between Vitamin D and Childhood Caries.

Background: Previous studies have reported an inverse association between vitamin D and childhood dental caries, but whether this is causal is unclear.

Objective: To determine the causal effect of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration on dental caries experience, early caries onset and the requirement for a dental general anesthetic.

Design: A Mendelian randomization study was undertaken, using genetic variants known to be associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in 5,545 European origin children from the South West of England.

Accuracy of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis for Depicting Breast Cancer Subgroups in a UK Retrospective Reading Study (TOMMY Trial).

Purpose: To compare the diagnostic performance of two-dimensional (2D) mammography, 2D mammography plus digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and synthetic 2D mammography plus DBT in depicting malignant radiographic features.

Materials And Methods: In this multicenter, multireader, retrospective reading study (the TOMMY trial), after written informed consent was obtained, 8869 women (age range, 29-85 years; mean, 56 years) were recruited from July 2011 to March 2013 in an ethically approved study. From these women, a reading dataset of 7060 cases was randomly allocated for independent blinded review of (a) 2D mammography images, (b) 2D mammography plus DBT images, and (c) synthetic 2D mammography plus DBT images.

The TOMMY trial: a comparison of TOMosynthesis with digital MammographY in the UK NHS Breast Screening Programme--a multicentre retrospective reading study comparing the diagnostic performance of digital breast tomosynthesis and digital mammography with digital mammography alone.

Background: Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a three-dimensional mammography technique with the potential to improve accuracy by improving differentiation between malignant and non-malignant lesions.

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to compare the diagnostic accuracy of DBT in conjunction with two-dimensional (2D) mammography or synthetic 2D mammography, against standard 2D mammography and to determine if DBT improves the accuracy of detection of different types of lesions.

Study Population: Women (aged 47-73 years) recalled for further assessment after routine breast screening and women (aged 40-49 years) with moderate/high of risk of developing breast cancer attending annual mammography screening were recruited after giving written informed consent.

Predictors of perception of pregnancy risk among nulliparous women.

Objective: To determine factors associated with perception of pregnancy risk using a conceptual framework based on a review of the relevant literature and the psychometric model of risk perception.

Design: A correlational study.

Setting: Ambulatory care and antepartum units of two tertiary hospitals and selected obstetricians' offices and prenatal classes in Winnipeg, Canada.

Advanced maternal age and risk perception: a qualitative study.

Background: Advanced maternal age (AMA) is associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes, hence these pregnancies are considered to be "high risk." A review of the empirical literature suggests that it is not clear how women of AMA evaluate their pregnancy risk. This study aimed to address this gap by exploring the risk perception of pregnant women of AMA.

Comparison of perception of pregnancy risk of nulliparous women of advanced maternal age and younger age.

Introduction: Over the last 3 decades, the proportion of women who have delayed childbearing into their mid 30s and early 40s has been increasing. Because advanced maternal age (AMA) is associated with several adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes, these pregnancies are considered to be "high risk." Research indicates that pregnancy risk perception is an important factor in pregnant women's health care use and decision making during pregnancy.

Cesarean or vaginal delivery for the breech fetus at the threshold of viability: results from a maternal-fetal medicine specialists survey.

Objective: To determine how United States Maternal-Fetal medicine specialists recommend delivery of a breech fetus at the threshold of viability.

Methods: U.S.

Is there a relationship between birthweight and subsequent growth on the development of dental caries at 5 years of age? A cohort study.

Objectives: To examine the associations between childhood growth and the presence of dental caries at age 5.

Methods: Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) a population-based, prospective cohort study were used. We enrolled 14,541 pregnancies, and a 10% sample of these were dentally examined and measured at 61 months of age.

Variable size computer-aided detection prompts and mammography film reader decisions.

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of computer-aided detection (CAD) prompts on reader behaviour in a large sample of breast screening mammograms by analysing the relationship of the presence and size of prompts to the recall decision.

Methods: Local research ethics committee approval was obtained; informed consent was not required. Mammograms were obtained from women attending routine mammography at two breast screening centres in 1996.

Visually assessed breast density, breast cancer risk and the importance of the craniocaudal view.

Introduction: Mammographic density is known to be a strong risk factor for breast cancer. A particularly strong association with risk has been observed when density is measured using interactive threshold software. This, however, is a labour-intensive process for large-scale studies.

Sucking habits in childhood and the effects on the primary dentition: findings of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood.

Introduction: Most previous research on non-nutritive sucking habits has been cross-sectional in nature. This study determined the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and the effects on the developing dentition within a longitudinal observational cohort.

Methods: The Children in Focus group of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood study was studied.

pH sensing in living cells using fluorescent microspheres.

Intracellular pH in living cells is measured in real time at the single cell level using fluorescently covalently loaded microspheres as efficient carrier systems and stable sensors. The use of these sensors immobilized covalently onto polymeric particles allows analysis of intracellular pH flux over long period of time and eliminates the disadvantages such as dilution within the cell, elimination via leakage or compartmentalization.

Hospital electronic medical record-based public health surveillance system deployed during the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.

Background: Several computer biosurveillance systems are in place to detect events of public health (PH) significance; however, most lack access to timely and detailed patient-level data and investigation of alerts places a strain on PH resources.

Methods: Hospital-based infection control professionals led a multi-disciplinary team to develop a computer rule-based system that relies on the patient's electronic medical record. The rules operated on HL7 messages transmitted by clinical computing systems and encompassed a variety of types of patient-level data, including laboratory test ordering and results, radiology ordering and reports, emergency room and outpatient clinic visits, and hospital admissions.

Three-year rabies duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination with a core combination vaccine against canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus.

Thirty-two seronegative pups were vaccinated at 8 weeks of age with modified-live canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus type-2 (CAV-2), and canine parvovirus (CPV) vaccine and at 12 weeks with a modified-live CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and killed rabies virus vaccine. An additional 31 seronegative pups served as age-matched, nonvaccinated controls. All test dogs were strictly isolated for 3 years after receiving the second vaccination and then were challenged with virulent rabies virus.

Three-year duration of immunity in cats following vaccination against feline rhinotracheitis virus, feline calicivirus, and feline panleukopenia virus.

Forty-two seronegative cats received an initial vaccination at 8 weeks of age and a booster vaccination at 12 weeks. All cats were kept in strict isolation for 3 years after the second vaccination and then were challenged with feline calicivirus (FCV) or sequentially challenged with feline rhinotracheitis virus (FRV) followed by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). For each viral challenge, a separate group of 10 age-matched, nonvaccinated control cats was also challenged.

Sarcosine based indandione hGlyT1 inhibitors.

A series of sarcosine based indandione hGlyT1 inhibitors has been developed. Optimization of substitution around the indandione and sarcosine moieties has led to highly potent inhibitors at hGlyT1, which show selectivity over a number of other receptors.

Three-year duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination against canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus.

A challenge-of-immunity study was conducted to demonstrate immunity in dogs 3 years after their second vaccination with a new multivalent, modified-live vaccine containing canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine distemper virus (CDV). Twenty-three seronegative pups were vaccinated at 7 and 11 weeks of age. Eighteen seronegative pups, randomized into groups of six dogs, served as challenge controls.

Aurora B regulates MCAK at the mitotic centromere.

Chromosome orientation and alignment within the mitotic spindle requires the Aurora B protein kinase and the mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK). Here, we report the regulation of MCAK by Aurora B. Aurora B inhibited MCAK's microtubule depolymerizing activity in vitro, and phospho-mimic (S/E) mutants of MCAK inhibited depolymerization in vivo.

British Society of Paediatric Dentistry: a policy document on oral health care in preschool children.

This policy document was prepared by Janet Rayner, Ruth Holt, Fiona Blinkhorn and Karen Duncan. Policy documents produced by BSPD represent a majority view, based on a consideration of currently available evidence. They are produced to provide guidance, with the clear intention that the policy be regularly reviewed and updated to take account of changing views and developments.