In early 2014, a man aged 46 years with HIV and a distant history of tuberculosis treatment was admitted to the communal medical ward of a district hospital in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, in respiratory distress. He was initially treated empirically for bacterial pneumonia. Sputum taken on day 5 of his hospital stay was positive for acid-fast bacilli with rifampicin resistance on line probe assay.
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