Effect of e-learning program on risk assessment and pressure ulcer classification - A randomized study.

Background: Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a problem in health care. Staff competency is paramount to PU prevention. Education is essential to increase skills in pressure ulcer classification and risk assessment.

Patient and organisational variables associated with pressure ulcer prevalence in hospital settings: a multilevel analysis.

Objectives: To investigate the association of ward-level differences in the odds of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) with selected ward organisational variables and patient risk factors.

Design: Multilevel approach to data from 2 cross-sectional studies.

Settings: 4 hospitals in Norway were studied.

The prevalence, prevention and multilevel variance of pressure ulcers in Norwegian hospitals: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Pressure ulcers are preventable adverse events. Organizational differences may influence the quality of prevention across wards and hospitals.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of pressure ulcers, patient-related risk factors, the use of preventive measures and how much of the pressure ulcer variance is at patient, ward and hospital level.

Risk factors for preoperative and postoperative delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture.

Objectives: To evaluate risk factors for preoperative and postoperative delirium.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Departments of orthopedic surgery in two Norwegian hospitals.

Assessment of pain in the nonverbal or cognitively impaired older adult.

The inability of nonverbal older adults to communicate pain represents a major barrier to pain assessment and treatment. This article focuses on nonverbal older adult populations with dementia, delirium, and severe critical illness. A comprehensive approach to pain assessment is advocated encompassing multiple sources of information.

Tools for assessment of pain in nonverbal older adults with dementia: a state-of-the-science review.

To improve assessment and management of pain in nonverbal older adults with dementia, an effective means of recognizing and evaluating pain in this vulnerable population is needed. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the existing tools used for pain assessment in this population to provide recommendations to clinicians. Ten pain assessment tools based on observation of behavioral indicators for use with nonverbal older adults with dementia were evaluated according to criteria and indicators in five areas: conceptualization, subjects, administration, reliability, and validity.