[Functional gastrointestinal disorders and pain].

Funkční gastrointestinální onemocnění jsou nejčastějšími diagnózami v gastroenterologii. Jde o poruchy motility, viscerální hypersenzitivity, alteraci slizničních a imunitních funkcí, střevní mikrobioty a procesů v centrální nervové soustavě. U funkčního původu bolestí břicha musí být vyloučena organická příčina bolesti.

[The evolution of knowledge about the inflammatory bowel diseases].

Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis has affected people for many centuries however its incidence most likely used to be very low. The knowledge of the idiopathic intestinal inflammation at that time was also very limited - an interest about the disease has emerged since the second half of 19th century. Despite all the progress in medicine its etiology still remains unclear.

[Ordinary disease - appendicitis].

Appendicitis is the most common abdominal emergency. While the clinical diagnosis may be easy in patients who present with classic signs and symptoms. Atypical presentations may result in diagnostic embarrassment and delay in treatment.

[The story of Appendix].

Acute appendicitis is the most frequent acute abdominal emergency. Appendicitis may have been recorded by Aretaeus the Cappadocean in 30 AD. A description of the appendix was provided by the anatomist Berengario de Carpi in 1521.

[Microscopic colitis].

Microscopic colitis is characterized by chronic or intermittent watery diarrhoea. Microscopic colitis is a common cause of chronic diarrhoea in predominantly older adults. The underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis of microscopic colitis remains unspecified.

[Differential diagnosis of the ileum diseases].

Inflammation of the ileum - ileitis - is classically connected with Crohn's disease. But a wide variety of diseases is associated with inflammation of the ileum. These include inflammatory bowel disease, infections, spondyloarthropathies, vascular diseases, drug-related enteritis, infiltration (e.

[Postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease].

Postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease of the bowel is the appearance of objective signs--defined endoscopically, radiologically or pathologically. New lesion can be visualized endoscopically within weeks to months after ileal resection and ileocolonic anastomosis in the neoterminal ileum. Risk factors are smoking, bacterial flora, environmental factors, immune response and genetic variants.

[Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease--prediction and treatment].

Currently the strongest predictors of disease course in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the age at diagnosis, disease location and smoking habit. Younger age at the onset is associated with more aggressive disease both in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Disease location in Crohn's disease is associated with different types of complications: surgery and recurrence in upper gastrointestinal and proximal small bowel disease; and surgery in distal small bowel disease and peri-anal lesions in rectal disease.

[Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy].

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly affects women during the reproductive years. Opinion on the effect of IBD on fertility, conception, pregnancy and breastfeeding is varied. IBD does not have probably adverse effect on the outcome of pregnancy.

Different patterns of cytokeratin expression in Barrett's esophagus--what is beyond?

Barrett's esophagus (BE) was recently defined by the presence of metaplastic intestinal mucosa (specialized columnar epithelium) in the distal esophagus. However, different epithelial types that were classified by histological criteria occur at the gastro-esophageal region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of different subtypes of cytokeratins in Barrett's mucosa (BM) and to contribute to the discussion about the significance of cytokeratin expression patterns within the gastro-esophageal junction.