Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone-Its Impact Test and Analysis.

As was shown in the previous part of the study, windshields are an important part of the passive safety means of modern low-floor trams with an extraordinary effect on pedestrian safety in a pedestrian-tram collisions. Therefore, maximum attention must be paid to the definition of tram windshield characteristics. This article describes a windshield crash test, from which data are obtained to verify the feasibility of the applied computational approaches.

Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 1: Historical Overview and Experimental-Data-Based Biomechanical Study of Head Clashing in Frontal and Side Impacts.

This article represents the first paper in a two-part series dealing with safety during tram-pedestrian collisions. This research is dedicated to the safety of trams for pedestrians during collisions and is motivated by the increased number of lethal cases. The first part of this paper includes an overview of tram face development from the earliest designs to the current ones in use and, at the same time, provides a synopsis and explanation of the technical context, including a link to current and forthcoming legislation.

Intervertebral (lumbar) disc replacement:the current state and future perspectives.

Purpose: Low back pain is a significant socio-economic problem which is expected to deepen. Degenerative disc disease is considered to be one of its main causes. Unsuccessful conservative treatments usually lead to surgical treatments, including methods providing pain relief by vertebral fusion in the affected segment.

Objective Methods of Muscle Tone Diagnosis and Their Application-A Critical Review.

"Muscle tone" is a clinically important and widely used term and palpation is a crucial skill for its diagnosis. However, the term is defined rather vaguely, and palpation is not measurable objectively. Therefore, several methods have been developed to measure muscle tone objectively, in terms of biomechanical properties of the muscle.

Low Concentrated Fractionalized Nanofibers as Suitable Fillers for Optimization of Structural-Functional Parameters of Dead Space Gel Implants after Rectal Extirpation.

Dead space after rectal resection in colorectal surgery is an area with a high risk of complications. In this study, our goal was to develop a novel 3D implant based on composite hydrogels enriched with fractionalized nanofibers. We employed, as a novel approach in abdominal surgery, the application of agarose gels functionalized with fractionalized nanofibers on pieces dozens of microns large with a well-preserved nano-substructure.

Peripartum rupture of renal artery aneurysm - case report.

We present a case of silent rupture of the renal artery aneurysm in a pregnant woman brought to the maternity hospital in shock. Renal artery aneurysms (RAA) are rare and account for 0.01-0.

Selected biomechanical aspects of the asymmetrical loading of the human postural system when riding the C1 speed canoe and their influence on the development of muscular imbalances.

Objectives: The main aim of this study was to analyse selected biomechanical aspects of the asymmetrical loading of the human postural system when riding the C1 speed canoe and their influence on the development of muscular imbalances.

Methods: 3D kinematic analysis of a simulated forward stroke of the canoeist in a pool with a counter-current (N = 9) and analysis of MRI data with selected individuals (N = 5), videoanalysis of actual paddling top athletes (N = 12), the kinesiological analysis of movement.

Results: Can be stated that when riding a C1 speed canoe the postural system is exposed to two types of asymmetric loading.

Load Measurement of the Cervical Vertebra C7 and the Head of Passengers of a Car While Driving across Uneven Terrain.

The article deals with the measurement of dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver (passenger) when driving in a car over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at different driving speeds and different distributions of obstacles on the road. The reaction of the human organism, respectively the load of the cervical vertebrae and the heads of the driver and passenger, was measured.

Poly-ε-caprolactone and polyvinyl alcohol electrospun wound dressings: adhesion properties and wound management of skin defects in rabbits.

This study evaluates the effect of electrospun dressings in critical sized full-thickness skin defects in rabbits. Electrospun poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers were tested and . The PCL scaffold supported the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

assessment of time dependent changes of T2* in medial meniscus under loading at 3T: A preliminary study.

Due to the internal structure of the knee joint, the ability to characterize and quantify the dynamic response of the meniscal tissue directly is highly problematic. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the behaviour of the meniscus under loading conditions. Four healthy young females were included.

Physiological responses to different neuromuscular movement task during eccentric bench press.

Objectives: Increasing muscular hypertrophy is one of the main reasons for participating in a resistance training program, where different movement task such as eccentric cadences may serve as a potent hypertrophic stimulus and improve movement stability. Aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses between slow 6/0/2/0 (SLOW) and moderate 2/0/2/0 (REG) eccentric cadences during five sets of bench press to failure using 70% 1 repetition maximum (1RM).

Materials And Methods: Blood samples from sixteen men (21-29y, 85.

Possibilities of objective identification of meniscoids in joint blocks of the axial system, by MRI and Transfer Vibration through the Spine.

Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the meniscoids of the cervical spine using in-vivo MRI imaging and to determine their potential role in the development of functional joint blocks of the axial system (AS). Another objective was to find out how the articular blocks affect the rheological properties of the spine by the Transfer Vibration through the Spine (TVS) method.

Method: In this study were used methods TVS and MRI.

Calcaneal Tendon Collagen Fiber Morphometry and Aging.

Fibrillar collagen in tendons and its natural development in rabbits are discussed in this paper. Achilles tendons from newborn (~7 days) to elderly (~38 months) rabbits were monitored in intact (n tendons=24) and microtome sectioned (n tendons=11) states with label-free second harmonic generation microscopy. After sectioning, the collagen fiber pattern was irregular for the younger animals and remained oriented parallel to the load axis of the tendon for the older animals.

Selected mechanical paremeters of women's hair in the Caucasian population.

Objective: More parameters have been used for more detailed description of mechanical properties of human hair as a fibre than in analogous studies. All measured samples were taken from five different locations on the heads of 60 women of varied age.

Methods: For each hair, the diameter was determined optically and then the test in the Deform Type 2 testing machine was carried out.

Valve interstitial cell culture: Production of mature type I collagen and precise detection.

Collagen often acts as an extracellular and intracellular marker for in vitro experiments, and its quality defines tissue constructs. To validate collagen detection techniques, cardiac valve interstitial cells were isolated from pigs and cultured under two different conditions; with and without ascorbic acid. The culture with ascorbic acid reached higher cell growth and collagen deposition, although the expression levels of collagen gene stayed similar to the culture without ascorbic acid.

Evaluation of rheological parameters of the axial system using the Transfer Vibration through Spine (TVS) method.

Objective: The human motion system reacts to both hypo and hyperactivity loads by changes to the rheological properties of tissues. This study deals with changes to the axial system (AS) compartment. Using the appropriate methodologies and mathematical-physical methods, these changes can be identified and quantified.

Executions and scientific anatomy.

The very word "anatomy" tells us about this branch's connection with dissection. Studies of anatomy have taken place for approximately 2.300 years already.

Effect of repeated therapeutic horse riding sessions on the trunk movement of the rider.

Objective: To assess the rider's movement during walking the horse in repeated therapeutic horse riding sessions and to determine the relationship between movements of the horse's back and the rider's trunk.

Method: A total of 12 healthy females (age: 23.3±2.

The role of lateral preference of lower limbs in a postural stabilization task.

Objective: Postural control is a complex skill based on the interaction of dynamic sensorimotor processes. This study assessed the effect of lateral perturbations on postural re-stabilization regarding lower limb preference.

Methods: A group of 14 physically active individuals (9 male, 5 female) randomly underwent postural perturbations in lateral-left and lateral-right directions at a velocity of 0.

Knee joint muscles neuromuscular activity during load-carrying walking.

Objective: To investigate the effects of increasing load on changes in the muscle activity ratio and onset of vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) during load-carrying walking.

Materials And Methods: Sixteen strength-trained men performed an isometric test for knee flexion/extension using a dynamometer followed by walking with progressively increasing loads of up to 75% of their body mass (BM). During the isometric tests and load-carrying walking, electromyography (EMG) data were collected from the VM, VL and BF in both legs together with 3D kinematics.

Changes in the mechanical parameters of hair in a group of women in reproductive age.

Objective: Hair quality and scalp characteristics are considered to be a significant marker of health. This marker is reflected in mechanical properties of hair. To investigate these properties, hair samples have been collected among women of different age and then analyzed.

Kinematic and dynamic biomechanical values in relation to muscle activity during contact head impact.

Objective: For the evaluation of neck injury the relative distance was observed between a marker placed on the forehead and a marker placed on the shoulder and also by change of the angle. To compare the severity of head injury a value of maximum head acceleration was used, HIC and a 3 ms criterion. All criteria were related to the activity of musculus sternocleidomastoideus and musculus trapezius in a situation of expected or unexpected contact impact.

Pre-activation and muscle activity during frontal impact in relation to whiplash associated disorders.

Objective: For the evaluation of neck injury the relative distance was observed between a marker placed on the forehead and a marker placed on the shoulder and also by change of the angle. To compare the severity of head injury a value of maximum head acceleration was used, HIC and a 3 ms criterion. All criteria were related to the activity of musculus sternocleidomastoideus and musculus trapezius in a situation of expected or unexpected impact.

Influence of the front part of the vehicle and cyclist's sitting position on the severity of head injury in side collision.

An injury of cyclists during a collision with a car is currently a neglected topic. Most research projects evaluate in detail the injury of pedestrians, but with an increasing number of cyclists it will be necessary to devote more attention to their safety. This study is focused on the most common type of collision and offers insights into the biomechanics of cyclist's head injury without the use of bicycle helmet.

Leonardo da Vinci and Kethem-Kiveris vena.

In the drawing of coitus by Leonardo da Vinci are pictured the contemporary hypotheses regarding this act. The authors analyze the mamillaruteral connection depicted by the artist and grow up to believe that this is a hypothetical kiveris vena, female vein described by Anatomist Master Nicolai Physicus from the Salerno School. The Hebrew roots were found in the name.