The previously undescribed variant of the thyrohyoid muscle and its potential impact on surgical procedures.

The thyrohyoid muscle belongs to the infrahyoid group located in the carotid triangle. It normally originates from thyroid cartilage and inserts into hyoid bone. Quite often, it is continuous with the sternohyoid muscle.

The quadratus femoris muscle anatomy: Do we know everything?

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphological variations in the quadratus femoris muscle (QF) and to create an anatomical classification that could be used in the planning of surgical procedures in this area, radiological imaging, and rehabilitation.

Materials And Methods: Ninety-two lower limbs from 46 cadavers, fixed in 10 % formalin solution, were examined.

Results: The QF muscle was present in all specimens.

The morphological variability of the piriformis muscle.

Background: The aim of the study is to create several classifications of the piriformis muscle (PM): proximal and distal attachments, potential fusions, and the relationship with the sciatic nerve. It is the first comprehensive anatomical examination of this subject.

Materials And Methods: One hundred and twenty-four lower limbs from 62 cadavers, fixed in 10% formalin, were examined.

Congenital, Acquired, and Trauma-Related Risk Factors for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome-Review of the Literature.

Thoracic outlet syndrome is a group of disorders that affect the upper extremity and neck, resulting in compression of the neurovascular bundle that exits the thoracic outlet. Depending on the type of compressed structure, the arterial, venous, and neurogenic forms of TOS are distinguished. In some populations, e.

A very rare case of the accessory palmaris longus muscle and clinical significance.

The palmaris longus muscle is located in the forearm region. It morphological variability was noted during standard anatomical dissection of the upper limb. The muscle was characterized by a normal course, i.

A Rare Variation of the Levator Scapulae Muscle: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Muscle variations in the posterior neck region are mainly categorized as variations in the origin and insertion of the muscles and the presence of accessory slips or rudimentary muscles. The levator scapulae muscle is a variable muscle with several different types of variations described throughout the literature. Herein, we report a rare unilateral case of an accessory slip from the levator scapulae.

Morphological variations of the brachial artery and their clinical significance: a systematic review.

Purpose: Morphological variations of the brachial artery are quite commonly discovered in routine dissection and have been the subject of many studies. However, there is a need for a clear classification. This work presents morphological variations of the brachial artery, based on numerous case reports and studies created for the appropriate classification and interpretation among surgeons and radiologists.

Localization of the gracilis muscle motor points - key considerations for botulinum neurotoxin injection and electrical stimulation.

Introduction: Muscle motor points are considered the best sites for electrode positioning in electrical stimulation and, by some researchers, for botulinum neurotoxin injections. The aim of this study is to locate the motor points in the gracilis muscle to improve muscle function maintenance and treatment of spasticity.

Material And Methods: Ninety-three gracilis muscles (49 right, 44 left), fixed in 10% formalin solution, were subjected to the research.

Lung segments from anatomy to surgery.

Bronchopulmonary segments are of increasing interest to clinicians because surgical procedures are emerging that maintain as much pulmonary function as possible. The conventional textbook borders between these segments, their many anatomical variations, and their numerous lymphatic or blood vessels, make them challenging for surgeons, especially thoracic surgeons. Fortunately, because imaging techniques such as three-dimensional-computed tomography are developing further, we can see the anatomical structure of the lungs in detail.

Very rare arrangement of the pes anserinus: potential clinical significance.

The pes anserinus superficialis is composed of the semitendinosus, gracilis and sartorius tendons. Normally, they all insert to the medial side of the tibial tuberosity, and the first two are attached superiorly and medially to the tendon of the sartorius muscle. During anatomical dissection, a new pattern of arrangement of tendons creating the pes anserinus was found.

Radial nerve compression: anatomical perspective and clinical consequences.

The radial nerve is the biggest branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and one of its five terminal branches. Entrapment of the radial nerve at the elbow is the third most common compressive neuropathy of the upper limb after carpal tunnel and cubital tunnel syndromes. Because the incidence is relatively low and many agents can compress it along its whole course, entrapment of the radial nerve or its branches can pose a considerable clinical challenge.

A new look at quadriceps tendon - Is it really composed of three layers?

Background: The aim of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the anatomy of the QT including its size, its layers and relationship between layers.

Methods: Sixty lower limbs (15 females and 15 males fixed in 10% formalin were examined. A retrospective analysis of 20 thigh MRI examinations was performed (10 males, and 10 females).

The Pancreas and Known Factors of Acute Pancreatitis.

Pancreatitis is regarded by clinicians as one of the most complicated and clinically challenging of all disorders affecting the abdomen. It is classified on the basis of clinical, morphological, and histological criteria. Causes of acute pancreatitis can easily be identified in 75-85% of patients.

Clinical significance of morphological variations of the inferior phrenic arteries.

The rapid development of sciences such as genetics and molecular biology offers hope that better therapeutic methods can be developed and diagnosis and treatment made more effective. However, we must not forget that the basis for understanding the complex mechanisms of diseases and associated symptoms is knowledge of the relevant location and correlation among organs. In the present study, we focus on the clinical significance of the inferior phrenic artery.

The morphological variability of fibularis tertius origin in human foetuses.

Background: The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphology of the fibularis tertius (FT) in human fetuses, and to provide a classification based on its modes of origin in human fetuses.

Methods: The material comprised 100extremities from 50 spontaneously aborted human fetuses (19 male, 31 female, 100 lowerlimbs in total), aged 18-38 weeks of gestation. These were dissected and the presence or absence of the FT muscle as well as the type of its proximal attachment were determined, and the FT was measured morphometrically.

The relationship between additional heads of the quadriceps femoris, the vasti muscles, and the patellar ligament.

Introduction: The quadriceps femoris consists of four muscles: the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis. However, the effect of additional quadriceps femoris heads on the vasti muscles and patellar ligaments is unknown. The aims of the present study are to determine the relationship between additional quadriceps femoris heads and the vasti muscles and patellar ligaments and to review the morphology of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.

Case report of unusual insertion of the fibularis brevis muscle.

The fibularis brevis and fibularis longus muscles belong to the lateral compartment of the leg. The fibularis brevis is morphologically variable, especially in the number of tendons and place of insertion. Its type of insertion is correlated with the presence of a fibularis digiti quinti, which is also anatomically variable.

Clinical importance of variability in the branching pattern of the internal iliac artery - An updated and comprehensive review with a new classification proposal.

The main aim of this study is to present, describe and compare the most significant anatomical classifications of the internal iliac artery (IIA) and its branches, their pros and cons, to relate them to clinical practice and note their clinical importance, and to offer a new classification based on number of main vessels origins. Many classifications covering the detailed morphology of the IIA have been developed, focusing on the destination of vessels making it possible to determine the name and type of branching precisely. However, because the allocation criteria are overdetailed and of doubtful accuracy, these classifications have become impractical for clinical practice and advanced statistical calculations.

Morphological variability of the fibularis tertius tendon in human foetuses.

Background: In adults, the fibularis tertius (FT) demonstrates great morphological variation. The present study classifies the types of FT insertion in human foetuses and compares their prevalence to the prevailing classification among adults.

Materials And Methods: Fifty spontaneously-aborted human foetuses (19 male, 31 female, 100 upper limbs in total) aged 18-38 weeks of gestation at death were examined.

A proposal for a new classification of coracobrachialis muscle morphology.

Introduction: The coracobrachialis muscle (CRM) originates from the apex of the coracoid process, in common with the short head of the biceps brachii muscle, and from the intermuscular septum. It inserts to the medial part of the humerus between the attachment of the medial head of the triceps brachii and the brachial muscle. Both the proximal and distal attachments of the CRM, as well as its relationship with the musculocutaneus nerve, demonstrate morphological variability.

The plantaris muscle - Anatomical curiosity or a structure with important clinical value? - A comprehensive review of the current literature.

Purpose: Although the plantaris muscle is vestigial in humans, it is far too important to remain omitted. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature focused on plantaris muscle clinical value, grafting usefulness and its morphological variations. Hopefully this study will be of great use for every medical practitioner due to its clarity and conciseness despite such broaden scope of this article.