Alignment of two standard terminologies for dosage form: RxNorm from the National Library of Medicine for the United States and EDQM from the European Directorate for the Quality in Medicines and Healthcare for Europe.

Background: There is currently no system that aligns pharmaceutically equivalent medicinal products across nations, creating obstacles to transnational medication prescribing and medical research. EDQM has been internationally recognized as the leading system in systematic pharmaceutical product descriptions. RxNorm is a critical terminology based in the US and used widely in applications internationally that would benefit from alignment with EDQM-based dosage form descriptions.

[Modern trends in development of surgical and endovascular treatment of patients with arterial pathology].

The last decade has seen distinct dynamics of the worldwide growth of the number of endovascular interventions and a decrease in the number of 'open' surgical operations for pathology of the aorta and peripheral arteries. The world trends of treatment of patients presenting with pathology of the aorta and peripheral arteries are indicative of a steadily growing amount of operations, most of which are performed in an endovascular manner. In the Russian Federation, the past decade has also witnessed a noticeable jump of the amounts of endovascular interventions.

[Variability of light-induced circular dichroism spectra of photosystem I complexes of cyanobacteria].

Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of photosystem I (PSI) complexes of the cyanobacteria Thermosynechococcus elongatus, Arthrospira platensis and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were studied. CD spectra of dark-adapted PSI trimers and monomers, measured at 77 K, show common bands at 669-670(+), 673(+), 680(-), 683-685(-), 696-697(-), 702(-) and 711(-) nm.

[Tetrapyrrole involvement in expression regulation of a nuclear gene of low-molecular-weight plastid protein ELIP].

An inhibitor analysis was used for studying the tetrapyrrole role in the regulation of the expression of the nuclear gene encoding a low-molecular-weight protein, a stress plastid light-inducible protein ELIP. 2,2'-Dipyridyl and norflurazon were used as inhibitors. Experiments with dipyridyl demonstrated that tetrapyrroles were involved in the regulation of Elip gene expression, inhibiting it by approximately 50%.

[Interaction of new pyridylporphyrins with bovine serum albumin].

The interaction of meso-tetra(4-N-hydroxyethylpyridyl)porphyrin, meso-tetra(3-N-hydroxyethylpyridyl)porphyrin, and their zinc complexes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by electronic spectroscopy, CD, and equilibrium dialysis at pH 7.2. The titration of the porphyrins with BSA was accompanied by a decrease in light absorption and a bathochromic shift of the Soret band, as well as by the appearance of an isobestic point.

[Dynamics of excitation in the photosystem I of cyanobacteria: transfer in the antenna, capture by the reaction site, and dissipation].

The structure of a complex of photosystem I (PSI) of cyanobacteria and the mechanisms of the functioning of the antenna and PSI reaction site were described. The complex of PSI in thylakoids of cyanobacteia is organized as a trimer whose antenna is enriched in long-wave chlorophylls. The energy absorbed by these chlorophyls migrates to P700, inducing its oxidation.

[A new type of adaptation of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis to illumination conditions].

Incubation of cells of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis under conditions of exposure to low-intensity (2-3 microE m-2 s-1) red light, which was predominantly absorbed by photosystem I (PS I), caused atypical adaptation changes. Invariable pigment composition and stoichiometry of photosystems was observed in the cells incubated under these conditions against the background of a decrease in the rate of photosynthetic fixation of CO2 (by one-half) and a 1.5-fold increase in the rate of dark respiration relative to cells incubated under conditions of exposure to green light.

Complex of brain D-phosphoglycerate mutase and gamma enolase and its reactivation by D-glycerate 2,3-bisphosphate.

The dissociabilities of dimeric gamma enolase, alpha enolase, and phosphoglycerate mutase of brain origin were tested using fluorescein isothiocyanate attached covalently to these enzymes. The dissociation constant of dimeric gamma enolase is lower (Kd = 0.03 microM) than that of the alpha enolase (Kd = 3 microM), while dimeric mutase seems to be nondissociable in the concentration range 0.

[Various functional characteristics of enolase isoenzymes in mammals].

Considerable stability of beta beta- (muscular) and gamma gamma- (neurospecific) forms to the denaturing influence of neutral salts of alkali metals is shown on purified isoenzymes (alpha alpha-, beta beta-, gamma gamma-forms) of beef brain and rabbit muscle. The rate of influence of these salts on the enzymic activity of the mentioned isoenzymes corresponds to the "lyotropic" series. Km of alpha alpha- and gamma gamma-isoenzymes are determined for 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate.

[Interaction of the photosystem 1 reaction center with antenna chlorophyll in a pigment-protein complex isolated from pea chloroplasts].

Using a specially developed phosporoscopic attachment to spectropolarimeter, light induced spectra of circular dichroism (CD) in region 600-750 nm were measured for a pigment protein complex of photosystem 1 (PC-1) isolated from pea chloroplast (chlorophyll : P700 = 40). Minor components at 672 and 678 nm are observed in light induced spectra besides the components of dimer splitting of P700 Qy transition at 691 and 698 nm. Haussian deconvolution of light induced CD spectra of P700 and low temperature CD spectrum of PC-1 indicates that minor components are due to forms of antenna chlorophylls Chl672 and Chl678, rotational strength of that is changed by 2-4% as a result of P700 oxidation.

[Effect of secondary structure on the rate dark reduction of P700+ with ascorbate of the photosystem I complex].

Relationship was studied between the spectra of KD, absorption and fluorescence and kinetics of P700+ dark reduction with exogenous donor and sodium dodecyl concentration inducing a conformation transition of the protein globule. It has been shown that with a decrease of the detergent concentration from 0.01 to 0.

[Effects of pyridazinones and cerulenin on the biosynthesis and functional state of photosystem 2 in barley leaves].

The effects of pyridazinones and cerulenin on the formation of photosystem 2 in etiolated barley leaves and its functional state in green leaves were studied. It was shown that the reaction centers of photosystem 2 in greening leaves are formed after 2.5--3.

[Effect of pyridazinone herbicides on the photosynthetic electron transport chain of chloroplasts and Chlorella].

In order to establish the site of pyridazinone herbicides action on the photosynthetic electron transport chain, their effect on the photochemical activity of chloroplasts and Chlorella was studied. It was shown that these compounds similar to diuron inhibit the delta F of chloroplasts but enhance the delta F and cause the disappearance of slow transient processes in Chlorella and change the light-off time course of delta F both in Chlorella and in the chloroplasts. The inhibiting effect is observed at herbicide concentration of 5 x 10(-6) M and is maximal at 10(-4) M.

[Spectral properties and structure of bacteriopheophytin a dimer].

In alcohol-glycerol solutions of bacteriopheophytin alpha takes place dimer formation with a long wave absorption band at 857 nm, the dimerization constant enhances with glycerol content increasing in solution. The measurement of absorption, fluorescence and CD spectra allowed to characterize the main electronic transitions (Qy, Qx, Bxy) of the dimer. For the first electronic transition (Qy) of the dimer as compared to the monomer the same oscillator strength, spectral bands narrowing of splitting components and significant increase of rotation strength in CD spectrum were found.

[Dark and photo-induced changes in absorption and fluorescence spectra of phycobilisomes in the presence of dithionite].

In order to test the possibility of photochemical participation of phycobilin pigments in photosynthesis, the ability of phycobilisomes for reversible photo-induced redox reactions was studied. The photo-induced fast reversible changes in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of phycobilisomes in the presence of dithionite were found. Simultaneously dithionite induced dark changes revealed by the decrease of the absorption and fluorescence yields.

[Temperature independence of the rate of the rapid phase of P700+ dark reduction].

To elucidate the mechanism of interaction between P700+ and reduced primary electron acceptor in the reaction centres of photosystem I dark relaxation time course of absorption changes at 700 nm was studied at different temperatures. It is shown that in photosystem I subchloroplast fragments with partially inactivated endogenous secondary electron acceptors (treatment by ether or preliminary heating) the recombination of reduced primary acceptor and P700+ is found at -15 degrees C. In fragments with undamaged system of secondary acceptors the recovery of primary photoact in darkness is observed only at temperatures lower than -95 degrees C.

[Effect of dehydration on functioning of photosystems of higher plants].

The functional activity of both photosystems of higher plants and their thermoresistance in conditions of dehydratation of chloroplasts or subchloroplast fragments were studied. It is shown that dehydratation of the sample does not change the P700 amount capable to photooxidation. At 20 degrees in the time course of dark reduction of photooxidized P700 P(700+) in films two phases differing in rate were found.

[Photoinduced changes in adsorption at 800 nm related to photosystem I functioning].

The spectra and kinetics of light-induced absorbance changes in the near-infrared region of subchloroplast fragments enriched by P700 were studied. An increase in absorbancy within the region of 725--900 nm upon illumination was characterized by a maximum around 810 nm and by "shoulders" around 760 and 870 nm. Similar effects of thermal inactivation and low temperatures on the duration of dark recovery of light-induced absorbance changes at 700 nm and within the region of 725--900 nm suggest that the absorbance changes in the near-infrared region are due to photooxidation of P700.

[Nature of changes in the fluorescence process of P700-enriched chloroplast fragments].

Spectral and photochemical properties of P700-enriched chloroplast fragments, obtained by ether treatment of liophylized digitonin fragments, were studied. It was shown that time course of fluorescence changes of isolated fragments (in contrast to digitonin fragments) at 20 degrees does not correspond to time course of absorption changes at 700 nm. Differences in low temperature fluorescence spectra of fragments, initially distinguished by redox states of photosystem 1 reaction centers were found.

[Study of the acceptor portion of photosystem I according to the temperature relationships of P700 photoconversions].

The functioning of the acceptor part of photosystem I was studied by temperature dependence of time course of light induced absorbtion changes at 700 nm of digitonin chloroplast fragments, enriched by photosystem I. Partial irreversibility of P700 photooxidation at low temperatures and appearance of two components (rapid and slow) in the time course of P700+ dark reduction reflect the contribution of different acceptors in electron transport. Thermoinactivation of fragments incubation at acid pH or treatment by glutaraldehyde cause complete inhibition of irreversible P700 photooxidation and slow dark reduction of P700+ at -170 degrees.

[Characteristics of photosystem I from grana thylakoids and from stroma lamellae].

Photochemical and spectral properties of photosystem I particles isolated from grana thylakoids and stroma lamellae of chloroplasts of higher plants are studied. The similarity of P700 content in these particles and the same dependence of P700+ reduction on temperature and the time course of variable fluorescence from artificial electron donors and acceptors indicate on the same type of reaction center for both photosystems I. Stroma particles have a higher rate of dark relaxation of variable fluorescence and a higher rate of dark reduction of P700+ at room temperature, than grana particles.

[Dependence of fluorescence spectra of chloroplasts from the activity of photosystem 2].

By means of high sensitive spectrofluorometer the fluorescence spectra have been measured of normal chloroplasts and those with blocked photosystem 2 activity due to photoinhibition or treatment with 0.6 M tris-buffer. At room temperature fluorescence spectra of inactivated chloroplasts are similar to the spectrum of normal chloroplasts measured at low light intensity.