Oral Health in Zero Gravity: A Comprehensive Review of Orofacial Effects and Countermeasures in Spaceflights.

Space is a complex and challenging setting encompassing the region beyond Earth's atmosphere where astronauts and spacecraft operate. The unique conditions of spaceflights, particularly microgravity and radiation, pose significant challenges to astronaut health, including the orofacial region. It has effects on saliva production, microbial composition, and oral hygiene practices, which influence oral health status, such as increased risk of dental caries, gum diseases, oral discomfort, temporomandibular joint dysfunctions, sialoliths, pain and dysesthesia in the teeth and oral mucosa, masticatory muscle atrophy, and oral cancer which can be detrimental during prolonged missions.

Control of an Atomic Quadrupole Transition in a Phase-Stable Standing Wave.

Using a single calcium ion confined in a surface-electrode trap, we study the interaction of electric quadrupole transitions with a passively phase-stable optical standing wave field sourced by photonics integrated within the trap. We characterize the optical fields through spatial mapping of the Rabi frequencies of both carrier and motional sideband transitions as well as ac Stark shifts. Our measurements demonstrate the ability to engineer favorable combinations of sideband and carrier Rabi frequency as well as ac Stark shifts for specific tasks in quantum state control and metrology.

Visual Perception of Breast Free Flap Size Is Influenced by Radiation Changes of Surrounding Tissue.

Background:  Microsurgical reconstruction for bilateral mastectomy defects after unilateral radiation often results in asymmetry, despite both flap tissues never being radiated.

Methods:  Photos of 16 patients who received prior radiation to one breast and underwent bilateral abdominal free flap reconstruction were taken postoperatively. Layperson and expert assessment were attained via online crowdsourcing and a panel of attending surgeons and senior residents.

Three-Dimensional Perioral Assessment Following Subnasal Lip Lift.

Background: The subnasal lip lift is a surgical technique that elevates the "lip line" (interface between vertical maxillary incisor height and upper lip) to achieve a more youthful aesthetic.

Objectives: The authors sought to offer the first ever definition, to their knowledge, of 3-dimensional (3D) changes to the upper lip due to subnasal lip lift.

Methods: A lip lift procedure was performed (on cadaveric samples) in a sequential manner from 2.

Materials challenges and opportunities for quantum computing hardware.

Quantum computing hardware technologies have advanced during the past two decades, with the goal of building systems that can solve problems that are intractable on classical computers. The ability to realize large-scale systems depends on major advances in materials science, materials engineering, and new fabrication techniques. We identify key materials challenges that currently limit progress in five quantum computing hardware platforms, propose how to tackle these problems, and discuss some new areas for exploration.

Integrated optical multi-ion quantum logic.

Practical and useful quantum information processing requires substantial improvements with respect to current systems, both in the error rates of basic operations and in scale. The fundamental qualities of individual trapped-ion qubits are promising for long-term systems, but the optics involved in their precise control are a barrier to scaling. Planar-fabricated optics integrated within ion-trap devices can make such systems simultaneously more robust and parallelizable, as suggested by previous work with single ions.

Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty: A Systematic Review of Technique, Outcomes, and Complications.

Background: Nonsurgical rhinoplasty using filler injections has become a common procedure in cosmetic practices. This is offered to patients that prefer a temporary outcome or would like to avoid general anesthesia. In addition, it can be used in postrhinoplasty patients to correct nasal deformities or irregularities.

Patient-Reported Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Obese Patients: A Comparison between Microsurgical and Prosthetic Implant Recipients.

Background: Patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction have higher rates of patient-reported satisfaction compared to patients undergoing prosthetic reconstruction. Obesity has been shown to increase postoperative complications in both microsurgical and implant reconstructions. The authors evaluated the effects of microsurgical breast reconstruction and prosthetic breast reconstruction on patient-reported outcomes and quality of life in obese patients.

Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Vitiligo: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Center of North India.

Background: We studied clinico-epidemiological features of 945 patients with vitiligo with an objective to delineate epidemiological and clinical aspects of vitiligo from this part of the country.

Materials And Methods: The medical records of patients with vitiligo attending outpatient clinic over a 5-year period from January 2013 to December 2017 were analyzed retrospectively for this descriptive, observational study.

Results: There were 449 men and 496 women (m:f 1:1.

Patient-Reported Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Postmastectomy Radiated Patients: A Comparison between Delayed and Delayed Immediate Autologous Breast Reconstruction in a Predominantly Minority Patient Population.

Background:  Delayed immediate (DI) autologous breast reconstruction consists of immediate postmastectomy tissue expander placement, radiation therapy, and subsequent autologous reconstruction. The decision between timing of reconstructive methods is challenging and remains to be elucidated. We aim to compare patient reported outcomes and quality of life between delayed and DI reconstruction.

Matching into Integrated Plastic Surgery: The Value of Research Fellowships.

Background: Integrated plastic surgery residency applicants sometimes complete research fellowships before residency. The average productivity and the impact of these fellowships on subsequent application to residency are unknown. The purpose of this study was to provide objective data to better understand the utility and productivity of a research fellowship.

Effect of Alveolar Segmental Sandwich Osteotomy on Alveolar Height: A Preliminary Study.

Purpose: Bone loss following extraction is maximum in horizontal dimension. Height is also reduced which is pronounced on the buccal aspect. Various surgical procedures are available to correct the bone volume viz.

Precise and diffraction-limited waveguide-to-free-space focusing gratings.

We present the design and characterization of waveguide grating devices that couple visible-wavelength light at λ = 674 nm from single-mode, high index-contrast dielectric waveguides to free-space beams forming micron-scale diffraction-limited spots a designed distance and angle from the grating. With a view to application in spatially-selective optical addressing, and in contrast to previous work on similar devices, deviations from the main Gaussian lobe up to 25 microns from the focus and down to the 5 × 10 level in relative intensity are characterized as well; we show that along one dimension the intensity of these weak sidelobes approaches the limit imposed by diffraction from the finite field extent in the grating region. Additionally, we characterize the polarization purity in the focal region, observing at the center of the focus a low impurity <3 × 10 in relative intensity.

Integrated optical addressing of an ion qubit.

The long coherence times and strong Coulomb interactions afforded by trapped ion qubits have enabled realizations of the necessary primitives for quantum information processing and the highest-fidelity quantum operations in any qubit to date. Although light delivery to each individual ion in a system is essential for general quantum manipulations and readout, experiments so far have employed optical systems that are cumbersome to scale to even a few tens of qubits. Here we demonstrate lithographically defined nanophotonic waveguide devices for light routing and ion addressing that are fully integrated within a surface-electrode ion trap chip.

Inferior Turbinate Hypertrophy in Rhinoplasty: Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques.

Background: Inferior turbinate hypertrophy is often encountered by plastic surgeons who perform rhinoplasty. Many treatment options are available to treat the inferior turbinate. The objective of this study was to systematically review outcomes of available techniques and provide guidance to surgical turbinate management.

Current Trends in Facial Rejuvenation: An Assessment of ASPS Members' Use of Fat Grafting during Face Lifting.

Background: Fat grafting can be used to improve the results of face lifting. The extent to which plastic surgeons use fat grafting in their face-lift practices is unknown. The goals of this study were to understand the current use of fat grafting during facial rejuvenation surgery and identify the most common techniques used.

Residency characteristics that matter most to plastic surgery applicants: a multi-institutional analysis and review of the literature.

Purpose: The National Residency Matching Program Match is a very unique process in which applicants and programs are coupled to each other based on a ranking system. Although several studies have assessed features plastic surgery programs look for in applicants, no study in the present plastic surgery literature identifies which residency characteristics are most important to plastic surgery applicants. Therefore, we sought to perform a multi-institutional assessment as to which factors plastic surgery residency applicants consider most important when applying for residency.

The effect of residency and fellowship type on hand surgery clinical practice patterns.

Background: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires accredited fellowship programs to exhibit proficiency in six broadly defined domains; however, core competencies specifically mandated for hand surgery training have yet to be established. Several studies have demonstrated significant disparities in exposure to essential skills and knowledge between orthopedic surgery- and plastic surgery-based hand surgery fellowship programs. To determine whether significant discrepancies also exist after fellowship between hand surgeons trained in orthopedic surgery and those trained in plastic surgery, clinical practice patterns were evaluated.