Looking beyond sleep duration in understanding obesity risk in adolescents: the role of circadian timing and misalignment on adolescent dietary outcomes, physical activity, and body mass index.

Study Objectives: This study evaluated the differences in obesity-related outcomes across multiple adolescent sleep health domains, including circadian misalignment (CM), circadian timing, and sleep duration.

Methods: 53 adolescents (aged 14-18; body mass index [BMI] percentile < 95%; 53.7% female) completed a cross-sectional study that included baseline assessment of height; weight; demographics; and 10 days assessment of sleep, physical activity, and dietary outcomes.

Predictors of adherence to a brief sleep extension protocol in emerging adults.

Objectives: This study examined how mental health symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress) and baseline sleep characteristics (i.

Sleep extension and cardiometabolic health: what it is, possible mechanisms and real-world applications.

Short sleep duration is associated with heightened cardiometabolic disease risk and has reached epidemic proportions among children, adolescents and adults. Potential mechanisms underlying this association are complex and multifaceted, including disturbances in circadian timing, food intake and appetitive hormones, brain regions linked to control of hedonic eating, physical activity, an altered microbiome and impaired insulin sensitivity. Sleep extension, or increasing total sleep duration, is an emerging and ecologically relevant intervention with significant potential to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the association between short sleep duration and the risk of cardiometabolic disease.

High levels of sleep disturbance across early childhood increases cardiometabolic disease risk index in early adolescence: longitudinal sleep analysis using the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment study.

Study Objectives: This study examines the impact of sleep duration, bedtime, and sleep disturbance during early childhood on the risk of cardiometabolic disorder (CMD) in early adolescence.

Methods: Within the Health Outcomes and Measures of Environment Study, we examined sleep patterns of 330 children from ages 2 to 8 years and the relationship of these sleep patterns with cardiometabolic risk measures at age 12 (N = 220). We used a group-based semi-parametric mixture model to identify distinct trajectories in sleep duration, bedtime timing, and sleep disturbance for the entire sample.

Altered neuronal response to visual food stimuli in adolescents undergoing chronic sleep restriction.

Study Objectives: Poor sleep in adolescents can increase the risk of obesity, possibly due to changes in dietary patterns. Prior neuroimaging evidence, mostly in adults, suggests that lacking sleep results in increased response to food cues in reward-processing brain regions. Needed is a clarification of the mechanisms by which food reward processing is altered by the kind of chronic sleep restriction (SR) typically experienced by adolescents.

The impact of experimentally shortened sleep on timing of eating occasions in adolescents: A brief report.

Short sleep increases the risk for obesity in adolescents. One potential mechanism relates to when eating occurs in the day. This study investigated the impact of shortened sleep on eating occasion timing in adolescents.

Factors affecting pediatric adherence to positive airway pressure: Patient- and caregiver-reported treatment barriers and sleep difficulties.

Objective/background: Adherence to positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment among children and adolescents is often suboptimal. Little is understood about modifiable determinants of PAP adherence. We evaluated whether patient and caregiver-perceived treatment barriers (across behavioral, environmental, emotional, and physical domains), as well as insomnia severity, were associated with PAP adherence among youth with sleep disordered breathing (SDB).

Earlier bedtimes and more sleep displace sedentary behavior but not moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in adolescents.

Objectives: Correlational models suggest increased cardiometabolic risk when sleep replaces moderate-to-vigorous (but not sedentary or light) physical activity. This study tested which activity ranges are impacted by experimentally altering adolescents' bedtime.

Method: Adolescents completed a 3-week within-subjects crossover experiment with 5 nights of late bedtimes and 5 nights early bedtimes (6.

Losing sleep by staying up late leads adolescents to consume more carbohydrates and a higher glycemic load.

This study examined how short sleep impacts dietary consumption in adolescents by testing whether experimentally shortening sleep influences the amount, macronutrient content, food types, and timing of food consumed. Ninety-three adolescents completed a within-subjects crossover paradigm comparing five nights of short sleep (6.5-hour sleep opportunity) to five nights of Healthy Sleep (9.

Relationship of overweight and obesity to insomnia severity, sleep quality, and insomnia improvement in a clinically referred pediatric sample.

Study Objectives: Children with overweight or obesity are more likely to experience sleep disorders, although the role of weight in pediatric insomnia treatment has not been examined. The current study examined the relationships of high body mass with pretreatment insomnia severity and global sleep problems and the potential moderating impact of weight on changes in insomnia severity following insomnia treatment.

Methods: Participants included 1,133 youth ages 2-18 years clinically referred for insomnia treatment.

Impact of a Behavioral Sleep Intervention in Adolescents With ADHD: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Effectiveness From a Pilot Open Trial.

Objective: An open trial tested the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of a behavioral sleep intervention in adolescents with ADHD.

Method: Fourteen adolescents (ages 13-17 years; 50% male) with ADHD and co-occurring sleep problems received the cognitive-behavioral-based Transdiagnostic Sleep and Circadian Intervention for Youth (TranS-C). Adolescent, parent, and teacher ratings, actigraphy, and daily sleep diaries were collected at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up.

Neural mechanisms that promote food consumption following sleep loss and social stress: an fMRI study in adolescent girls with overweight/obesity.

Study Objectives: Insufficient sleep and social stress are associated with weight gain and obesity development in adolescent girls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research suggests that altered engagement of emotion-related neural networks may explain overeating when under stress. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of acute sleep restriction on female adolescents' neural responding during social evaluative stress and their subsequent eating behavior.

Does iPhone night shift mitigate negative effects of smartphone use on sleep outcomes in emerging adults?

Objectives: Apple's iPhone Night Shift feature purports to reduce short-wavelength light emissions and improve sleep. We aimed to investigate these claims by comparing emerging adults' sleep outcomes associated with smartphone use before bed with iPhone's Night Shift enabled to two comparison conditions (iPhone use with no Night Shift, no iPhone use).

Design: Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions specifying iPhone use during the hour preceding bedtime for seven consecutive nights: iPhone use with Night Shift enabled; iPhone use with Night Shift disabled; and no phone use.

Maternal self-efficacy is associated with mother-child feeding practices in middle childhood.

Objective: Maternal self-efficacy (MSE) is a well-established correlate of health outcomes in young children, though little is known about this association in older children. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine how MSE relates to mother-child feeding practices in middle childhood.

Methods: A total of 306 children ages 8-12 (Mean age = 9.

The impact of short sleep on food reward processes in adolescents.

Short sleep has been linked to adolescent risk of obesity, but questions remain regarding the dietary mechanisms by which this occurs. We tested whether mildly shortening sleep influences how rewarding and appealing healthy adolescents find several kinds of foods. Eighty-eight healthy adolescents completed a within-subjects crossover sleep experiment comparing 5 days of Short Sleep (6.

Executive functioning, caregiver monitoring, and medication adherence over time in adolescents with chronic kidney disease.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between executive functioning and caregiver adherence monitoring with objective antihypertensive medication adherence over 24 months in adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods: Adolescents ( = 97, 11-20 years old) with CKD taking antihypertensive medication and their caregivers were recruited from three pediatric nephrology clinics. At baseline, adolescents and caregivers reported on adolescents' executive functioning and caregivers reported on their adherence monitoring.

Poor sleep and adolescent obesity risk: a narrative review of potential mechanisms.

Poor sleep is related to increased obesity risk in adolescents, though the mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. This paper presents a conceptual framework of the various pathways that have been proposed to drive this relationship. In this framework, increased food reward, emotional reactivity, decreased inhibitory control, metabolic disturbances, poorer dietary quality, and disrupted meal timings may increase the likelihood of increasing overall energy intake.

Effects of Sleep Restriction on Food-Related Inhibitory Control and Reward in Adolescents.

Objective: This experimental study evaluated associations between sleep duration, food-related inhibitory control, and food reward in adolescents aged 12-18 with normal weight and overweight/obesity. The potential moderating effect of weight status on the associations between sleep, inhibitory control, and food reward was also examined.

Methods: Thirty-two adolescents with normal weight and 32 adolescents with overweight/obesity (ages 12-18) participated in this study.

White matter integrity disparities between normal-weight and overweight/obese adolescents: an automated fiber quantification tractography study.

Obese adults have been shown to have poorer white brain matter integrity relative to normal-weight peers, but few studies have tested whether white matter integrity is compromised in overweight and obese adolescents. Also, it is unclear if age interacts with body mass to affect white matter integrity in adolescents. We used Automated Fiber Quantification, a tractography method, to compare fractional anisotropy between normal-weight and overweight/obese adolescents in the corpus callosum, corticospinal tract, cingulum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus.

Sleep duration differentially affects brain activation in response to food images in adolescents with overweight/obesity compared to adolescents with normal weight.

Study Objectives: Sleep is an important behavior that affects appetite and eating in adolescents. Our study examined food-related neural activation in brain regions associated with food reward and inhibition in adolescents under sleep-restricted and well-rested conditions.

Methods: In this within-subjects study, 52 adolescents (ages 12-18; 46% female; M age = 15.

A direct comparison between ERP and fMRI measurements of food-related inhibitory control: Implications for BMI status and dietary intake.

Obesity and maintaining a healthy diet have important implications for physical and mental health. One factor that may influence diet and obesity is inhibitory control. We tested how N2 and P3 amplitude, event-related potential (ERP) components that reflect inhibitory control, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity in brain regions associated with inhibitory control differed toward high- and low-calorie food stimuli across BMI status.

Associations between physical and sedentary activity regularity and sleep in preschoolers and kindergartners.

Short sleep duration in childhood has been associated with increased risk for overweight and obesity. Research suggests that physical activity might mediate this association. However, studies examining associations between physical activity and sleep in young children have reported equivocal findings.

Appropriateness of the food-pics image database for experimental eating and appetite research with adolescents.

Background: Research examining effects of visual food cues on appetite-related brain processes and eating behavior has proliferated. Recently investigators have developed food image databases for use across experimental studies examining appetite and eating behavior. The food-pics image database represents a standardized, freely available image library originally validated in a large sample primarily comprised of adults.

An Evaluation of a Smartphone-Assisted Behavioral Weight Control Intervention for Adolescents: Pilot Study.

Background: The efficacy of adolescent weight control treatments is modest, and effective treatments are costly and are not widely available. Smartphones may be an effective method for delivering critical components of behavioral weight control treatment including behavioral self-monitoring.

Objective: To examine the efficacy and acceptability of a smartphone assisted adolescent behavioral weight control intervention.