Correction to: Geographic region, socioeconomic position and the utilisation of primary total joint replacement for hip or knee osteoarthritis across western Victoria: a cross-sectional multilevel study of the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry.

The names of the co-authors Steven Graves and Michelle Lorimer were missing from the manuscript supplied for publication. The lead authors regret this error and apologize for any inconvenience.

Associations between asthma status and radiologically confirmed fracture in children: A data-linkage study.

Aim: World-wide, approximately 14% of children have prevalent asthma. As most bone accrual occurs in childhood, and data suggest a detrimental role in bone from asthma and/or medications, we investigated whether asthma was associated with radiologically confirmed fractures in a large cohort of children.

Methods: Data from the Barwon Asthma Study (2005), a population-based, cross-sectional survey of all children attending 91 primary schools in the Barwon Statistical Division, were linked to the Geelong Osteoporosis Study Fracture Grid (2006-2007), a fracture register encompassing the Barwon Statistical Division (n = 16 438; 50.

Comparison of incidence, rate and length of all-cause hospital admissions between adults with normoglycaemia, impaired fasting glucose and diabetes: a retrospective cohort study in Geelong, Australia.

Objective: To determine whether adults with normoglycaemia, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes differed according to the incidence, rate, length and primary reasons for hospital admission.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Barwon Statistical Division, Geelong, Australia.

The subjective wellbeing profile of the 'pretiree' demographic: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: Pretirees are a demographic interposed between the latter stages of working life and old age. We aimed to characterise subjective wellbeing and lifestyle behaviours for individuals aged in their late-fifties and sixties.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study of 233 men and 229 women aged 55-69 yr from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study.

The epidemiology of hip fractures across western Victoria, Australia.

Background: Hip fractures are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Hip fracture incidence varies across different levels of accessibility/remoteness and socioeconomic status (SES). As part of the Ageing, Chronic Disease and Injury Study, we aimed to map the pattern of hip fractures across the western region of the Australian state of Victoria, which contains a range of remoteness levels and SES.

Geographic region, socioeconomic position and the utilisation of primary total joint replacement for hip or knee osteoarthritis across western Victoria: a cross-sectional multilevel study of the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry.

Unlabelled: Compared to urban residents, those in rural/regional areas often experience inequitable healthcare from specialist service providers. Independent of small between-area differences in utilisation, socially advantaged groups had the greatest uptake of joint replacement. These data suggest low correlation between 'need' vs.

Trabecular Bone Score in Men and Women with Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes.

Diabetes is associated with increased skeletal fragility, despite higher bone mineral density (BMD). Alternative measures are necessary to more accurately determine fracture risk in individuals with diabetes. Therefore, we aimed to describe the relationship between trabecular bone score (TBS) and normoglycaemia, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes and determine whether TBS-adjusted FRAX (Aus) score differed between these groups.

All-Cause Mortality Risk in Australian Women with Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes.

Aims: Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes are increasing in prevalence worldwide and lead to serious health problems. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the association between impaired fasting glucose or diabetes and mortality over a 10-year period in Australian women.

Methods: This study included 1167 women (ages 20-94 yr) enrolled in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study.

Fractures in indigenous compared to non-indigenous populations: A systematic review of rates and aetiology.

Background: Compared to non-indigenous populations, indigenous populations experience disproportionately greater morbidity, and a reduced life expectancy; however, conflicting data exist regarding whether a higher risk of fracture is experienced by either population. We systematically evaluate evidence for whether differences in fracture rates at any skeletal site exist between indigenous and non-indigenous populations of any age, and to identify potential risk factors that might explain these differences.

Methods: On 31 August 2016 we conducted a comprehensive computer-aided search of peer-reviewed literature without date limits.

Does familial risk for alcohol use disorder predict alcohol hangover?

Aims: Positive family history of alcohol use disorder (FHP), a variable associated with propensity for alcohol use disorder (AUD), has been linked with elevated hangover frequency and severity, after controlling for alcohol use. This implies that hangover experiences may be related to AUD. However, inadequate control of alcohol consumption levels, low alcohol dose and testing for hangover during the intoxication phase detract from these findings.

Musculoskeletal decline and mortality: prospective data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study.

Background: We aimed to examine the relationship between musculoskeletal deterioration and all-cause mortality in a cohort of women studied prospectively over a decade.

Methods: A cohort of 750 women aged 50-94 years was followed for a decade after femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) and appendicular lean mass (ALM) were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, in conjunction with comorbidities, health behaviour data, and other clinical measures. The outcome was all-cause mortality identified from the Australian National Deaths Index.

Ageing, Chronic Disease and Injury: A Study in Western Victoria (Australia).

An increasing burden of chronic disease and associated health service delivery is expected due to the ageing Australian population. Injuries also affect health and wellbeing and have a long-term impact on health service utilisation. There is a lack of comprehensive data on disease and injury in rural and regional areas of Australia.

Comparison of fracture rates between indigenous and non-indigenous populations: a systematic review protocol.

Introduction: Over recent years, there has been concerted effort to 'close the gap' in the disproportionately reduced life expectancy and increased morbidity experienced by indigenous compared to non-indigenous persons. Specific to musculoskeletal health, some data suggest that indigenous peoples have a higher risk of sustaining a fracture compared to non-indigenous peoples. This creates an imperative to identify factors that could explain differences in fracture rates.

A conduit between epidemiological research and regional health policy.

Objective: To transform data from a research setting into a format that could be used to support strategies encouraging healthy lifestyle choices and service planning within local government.

Methods: Details of the health status and lifestyle behaviours of the Geelong, Victoria, population were generated independently by the Geelong Osteoporosis Study (GOS), a prospective population-based cohort study. Recent GOS follow-up phases provided evidence about patterns of unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking and harmful alcohol use.

Small area-level socioeconomic status and all-cause mortality within 10 years in a population-based cohort of women: Data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study.

Background: The social gradient of health and mortality is well-documented. However, data are scarce regarding whether differences in mortality are observed across socio-economic status (SES) measured at the small area-level. We investigated associations between area-level SES and all-cause mortality in Australian women aged ≥ 20 years.

The Epidemiology of Incident Fracture from Cradle to Senescence.

To reduce the burden of fracture, not only does bone fragility need to be addressed, but also injury prevention. Thus, fracture epidemiology irrespective of degree of trauma is informative. We aimed to determine age-and-sex-specific fracture incidence rates for the Barwon Statistical Division, Australia, 2006-2007.

Dysglycaemia and Other Predictors for Progression or Regression from Impaired Fasting Glucose to Diabetes or Normoglycaemia.

Aims: Diabetes mellitus is a growing health problem worldwide. This study aimed to describe dysglycaemia and determine the impact of body composition and clinical and lifestyle factors on the risk of progression or regression from impaired fasting glucose (IFG) to diabetes or normoglycaemia in Australian women.

Methods: This study included 1167 women, aged 20-94 years, enrolled in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study.

Sarcopenia and the Common Mental Disorders: a Potential Regulatory Role of Skeletal Muscle on Brain Function?

While it is understood that body composition impacts on physical conditions, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, it is only now apparent that body composition might play a role in the genesis of common mental disorders, depression and anxiety. Sarcopenia occurs in ageing and comprises a progressive decline in muscle mass, strength and function, leading to frailty, decreased independence and poorer quality of life. This review presents an emerging body of evidence to support the hypothesis that shared pathophysiological pathways for sarcopenia and the common mental disorders constitute links between skeletal muscle and brain function.

Humeral Fractures in South-Eastern Australia: Epidemiology and Risk Factors.

In this study, we report the epidemiology and risk factors for humeral fractures (proximal humerus and shaft) among men and women residing in south-eastern Australia. Incident fractures during 2006 and 2007 were identified using X-ray reports (Geelong Osteoporosis Study Fracture Grid). Risk factors were identified using data from case-control studies conducted as part of the Geelong Osteoporosis Study.

Excessive daytime sleepiness and falls among older men and women: cross-sectional examination of a population-based sample.

Background: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) has been associated with an increased risk for falls among clinical samples of older adults. However, there is little detailed information among population-representative samples. The current study aimed to assess the relationship between EDS and falls among a cohort of population-based older adults.

Muscle strength and areal bone mineral density at the hip in women: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Muscle strengthening exercises are promoted for building and maintaining a healthy skeleton. We aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle strength and areal bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip in women aged 26-97 years.

Methods: This cross-sectional study utilises data from 863 women assessed for the Geelong Osteoporosis Study.

Carpal and scaphoid fracture incidence in south-eastern Australia: an epidemiologic study.

Unlabelled: Carpal fractures were identified by the Geelong Osteoporosis Study Fracture Grid for 2006-2007. Incidence rates were higher in males than females. Males had a lower median age of fracture than females.

FRAX (Aus) and falls risk: Association in men and women.

Purpose: The WHO fracture risk prediction tool (FRAX®) utilises clinical risk factors to estimate the probability of fracture over a 10-year period. Although falls increase fracture risk, they have not been incorporated into FRAX. It is currently unclear if FRAX captures falls risk and whether addition of falls would improve fracture prediction.

Age- and sex-related patterns of first fracture and fracture prevalence.

There are few data documenting the pattern of prevalent fracture across the entire adult age range, so we aimed to address this gap by investigating the prevalence of fractures in an Australian cohort. All-cause (ever) fractures were identified for males and females enrolled in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study (Australia) using a combination of radiology-confirmed and self-reported data. First fractures were used to generate age-related frequencies of individuals who had ever sustained a fracture.

Body mass index and measures of body fat for defining obesity and underweight: a cross-sectional, population-based study.

Background: The body mass index (BMI) is commonly used as a surrogate marker for adiposity. However, the BMI indicates weight-for-height without considering differences in body composition and the contribution of body fat to overall body weight. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify sex-and-age-specific values for percentage body fat (%BF), measured using whole body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), that correspond to BMI 18.