Fatty acid metabolism, exercise, and insulin action play critical roles in maintaining vascular health, especially relevant in metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Insulin, a vasoactive hormone, induces arterial vasodilation throughout the arterial tree, increasing arterial compliance and enhancing tissue perfusion. These effects, however, are impaired in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and evidence suggests that vascular insulin resistance contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its cardiovascular complications.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInorganic nitrate (NO) supplementation, via its conversion to nitric oxide (NO), has been purported to be ergogenic in healthy individuals. Many disease states are characterized by reduced NO bioavailability and are expected to derive a benefit from NO. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the current literature on the ergogenic effect of NO supplementation in individuals with cardiopulmonary and metabolic diseases (CPMD).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFContext: Ghrelin circulates in acylated (AG) and deacylated (DAG) forms, which are known to affect appetite. Although acute exercise has been shown to modulate ghrelin levels, data on the impact of exercise intensity on AG and DAG levels and their effects on appetite are sparse and primarily limited to males.
Objective: To investigate the effect of exercise intensity and sex on ghrelin levels and appetite in untrained humans.
Background: Inorganic nitrate (NO) supplementation is purported to benefit short-term exercise performance, but it is unclear whether NO improves longer-term exercise training responses (such as improvements in VO or time to exhaustion (TTE)) versus exercise training alone. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of NO supplementation combined with exercise training on VO and TTE, and to identify potential factors that may impact outcomes.
Methods: Electronic databases (PubMed, Medscape, and Web of Science) were searched for articles published through June 2022 with article inclusion determined a priori as: (1) randomized placebo-controlled trials, (2) exercise training lasted at least three weeks, (3) treatment groups received identical exercise training, (4) treatment groups had matched VO at baseline.
Background: Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone primarily released by the stomach and has 2 isoforms: acylated ghrelin (AG) and de-acylated ghrelin (DAG), that appear to have different functions in humans.
Objectives: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between plasma concentrations of total ghrelin (TG), AG, and DAG and perceptions of hunger in healthy adults.
Methods: The following criteria were used for inclusion: 1) sample contained adults ≥18 y of age, 2) body mass index [BMI kg/m] was ≥18.
Background: Ghrelin is a gut hormone with numerous physiological effects, including the regulation of energy balance, insulin sensitivity, vascular health, and body composition. Acylated (AG) and des-acylated (DAG) ghrelin constitute approximately 22 % and 78 % of total plasma ghrelin (TG), respectively. Alterations in the TG concentration and the AG/DAG ratio may be implicated in conditions involving energy imbalances and insulin resistant states (e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Adolesc Med Health
February 2023
Normal weight obesity (NWO) describes individuals who have a normal weight body mass index (BMI), but have an unhealthy amount of body fat. Based on the life-long habits that develop during college, exploring NWO among a college-aged population may be essential in identifying and preventing obesity that develops in early adulthood. This study aimed to characterize NWO among young adults with normal weight BMI.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To examine the feasibility of a 6-week high intensity interval training (HIIT) program in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). A secondary aim was to evaluate the change in whole-body metabolism.
Design: In a single-arm intervention, 16 adults (mean age 59.
Background/objective: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine associations between body composition, self-reported function, and physical performance after accounting for body mass index (BMI) in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.
Methods: Percent fat and lean mass were evaluated using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Self-reported function (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC] function subscale) and physical performance (20-m walk, chair stand, and stair climb) were collected on 46 adults (30% male; BMI, 29.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of pre- vs. post-workout nutrition on strength, body composition, and metabolism in trained females over 6 weeks of high intensity resistance training (HIRT).
Design: Forty-three trained females (mean±SD; age: 20.