The role of context in implementation research for non-communicable diseases: Answering the 'how-to' dilemma.

Introduction: Understanding context and how this can be systematically assessed and incorporated is crucial to successful implementation. We describe how context has been assessed (including exploration or evaluation) in Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases (GACD) implementation research projects focused on improving health in people with or at risk of chronic disease and how contextual lessons were incorporated into the intervention or the implementation process.

Methods: Using a web-based semi-structured questionnaire, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to collect quantitative and qualitative data across GACD projects (n = 20) focusing on hypertension, diabetes and lung diseases.

Identification of 19 Novel Hepatitis C Virus Subtypes-Further Expanding HCV Classification.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is currently classified into 8 genotypes and 86 subtypes. The objective of this study was to characterize novel HCV subtypes and to investigate the impact of subtypes on treatment outcome.

Methods: Full-genome sequencing was performed on HCV plasma samples with <85% sequence homology of NS3, NS5A, and/or NS5B to HCV genotype (GT) 1-8 reference strains.

Lifestyle intervention programme for Indian women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Aim: To evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention (diet and physical activity) among women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), delivered by trained facilitators.

Methods: Fifty-six normoglycaemic or prediabetic women with prior GDM were recruited at mean of 17 months postpartum. Socio-demographic, medical and anthropometric data were collected.

Stentablation with Rotational Atherectomy for the Management of Underexpanded and Undilatable Coronary Stents.

Stentablation with rotational atherectomy for the management of undilatable underexpanded coronary stents is a unique application associated with excellent periprocedural and in-hospital outcomes. Data regarding long-term outcomes remains limited, however the procedure appears to be associated with high prevalence of target lesion revascularization. Given the complexity of such lesions and few available interventional remedies; it is a reasonably safe and widely available approach of which operators should be aware.

Sofosbuvir-velpatasvir single-tablet regimen administered for 12 weeks in a phase 3 study with minimal monitoring in India.

Background And Aims: In clinical studies, sofosbuvir-velpatasvir has demonstrated high cure rates and favorable tolerability in patients chronically infected with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) of any genotype. We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir administered with minimal medical monitoring to patients in India.

Methods: At 16 sites in India, 129 adult patients with chronic HCV infection of any genotype initiated 12 weeks of once-daily sofosbuvir-velpatasvir (400-100 mg).

Safety and Efficacy of Stentablation with Rotational Atherectomy for the Management of Underexpanded and Undilatable Coronary Stents.

Introduction: Coronary stent underexpansion is associated with in-stent restenosis and few interventions are available for the management of undilatable underexpanded stents. Stentablation (SA) with rotational atherectomy (RA) is a unique application and has previously been described with encouraging results. Data regarding SA is limited to case reports and small case series; therefore, reasonable concern persists regarding procedural safety and long-term outcomes.

Association of dietary patterns and dietary diversity with cardiometabolic disease risk factors among adults in South Asia: The CARRS study.

Background And Objectives: To investigate the association of dietary patterns and dietary diversity with cardiometabolic disease risk factors among South Asians.

Methods And Study Design: In a population based study conducted in 2010-11, we recruited 16,287 adults aged >20 years residing in Delhi, Chennai, and Karachi. Diet was assessed using an interviewer-administered 26-item food frequency questionnaire.

Awareness Level of Radiation Protection among Dental Students.

Introduction: Dental radiographs have always been the mainstay of the diagnosis of oral diseases. Even if the radiation hazard posed by the dental radiographs is low but still accumulation of such low level radiation in human body over a time period can pose a threat to the overall health of the individual. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge of dental students about radiation protection and hazards.

Assessment of the Attitude and Knowledge of the Principles and Practices of Orthodontic Treatment Among the Non-orthodontic Specialists and General Practitioner Dentists.

Introduction: General practitioner dentists and non-orthodontic specialties ought to have the knowledge of the basic principles and practices of orthodontics in order to educate the patients, diagnose their problems correctly and for proper referral. The objective of the present study is to assess the attitude and knowledge of the general practitioner dentists and non-orthodontic specialists towards the basic principles and practices of orthodontics.

Methods: This study was performed by presenting a closed questionnaire to a total of 78 participants out of which 46 were general practitioners and 32 were non-orthodontic specialists.

A lifestyle intervention programme for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus among South Asian women with gestational diabetes mellitus [LIVING study]: protocol for a randomized trial.

Aim: This study aims to determine whether a resource- and culturally appropriate lifestyle intervention programme in South Asian countries, provided to women with gestational diabetes (GDM) after childbirth, will reduce the incidence of worsening of glycaemic status in a manner that is affordable, acceptable and scalable.

Methods: Women with GDM (diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test using the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria) will be recruited from 16 hospitals in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Participants will undergo a repeat oral glucose tolerance test at 6 ± 3 months postpartum and those without Type 2 diabetes, a total sample size of 1414, will be randomly allocated to the intervention or usual care.

Hypertension as Determinant of Hyperuricemia: A Case Control Study from the Sub-Himalayan Region in North India.

Background: Association between hyperuricemia and hypertension has been recognized for many years. Whether hyperuricemia is the cause or the effect is debatable.

Materials And Methods: This case control study was conducted to assess serum uric acid (SUA) levels in fifty newly diagnosed essential hypertensive patients and fifty normotensive controls which were matched for age and sex.

RNAs as Candidate Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Prostate Cancer-From Cell Line Models to Liquid Biopsies.

The treatment landscape of prostate cancer has evolved rapidly over the past five years. The explosion in treatment advances has been witnessed in parallel with significant progress in the field of molecular biomarkers. The advent of next-generation sequencing has enabled the molecular profiling of the genomic and transcriptomic architecture of prostate and other cancers.

Profile of aluminum phosphide poisoning in a tertiary care institute in the sub-Himalayan region.

Context: Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is a highly toxic agricultural fumigant pesticide commonly implicated in poisoning.

Aim: The aim of the study was to study the profile of patients presenting with ALP poisoning in Dr. RPGMC Kangra, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh.

Diets for South Asians with diabetes: recommendations, adherence, and outcomes.

Background And Objectives: To determine how frequently diabetic diets are recommended to individuals with diabetes in South Asia, whether they are followed, and if they are associated with healthier dietary choices and clinical benefits.

Methods And Study Design: Data are from the Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia Cohort Study. Participants with self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes (n=1849) were divided into four groups based on whether they reported being prescribed and/or were following a diabetic diet.

Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Strategies After On-X Mechanical Aortic Valve Replacement.

Background: The burden oral anticoagulation is a limitation of mechanical valve prostheses.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to test whether patients could be safely managed with dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) (aspirin 325 mg and clopidogrel 75 mg) or lower warfarin after On-X mechanical aortic valve replacement (mAVR).

Methods: PROACT (Prospective Randomized On-X Anticoagulation Trial) (n = 576) is a multicenter (41 sites) noninferiority trial.

Navigation-guided optic canal decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy: Two case reports.

Two cases of traumatic optic neuropathy presented with profound loss of vision. Both cases received a course of intravenous corticosteroids elsewhere but did not improve. They underwent Navigation guided optic canal decompression via external transcaruncular approach, following which both cases showed visual improvement.

How to prevent and manage radiation-induced coronary artery disease.

Radiation-induced coronary heart disease (RICHD) is the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients treated with radiotherapy for breast cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma and other prevalent mediastinal malignancies. The risk of RICHD increases with radiation dose. Exposed patients may present decades after treatment with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic myocardial perfusion defects to ostial, triple-vessel disease and sudden cardiac death.

INASL Position Statements on Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in India: The Andaman Statements.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and healthcare expenditure in India. There are no Indian consensus guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and management of HBV infection. The Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL) set up a taskforce on HBV in 2016, with a mandate to develop consensus guidelines for diagnosis and management of HBV infection, relevant to disease patterns and clinical practices in India.

Food Choice Drivers in the Context of the Nutrition Transition in Delhi, India.

Objective: To understand factors that influence the process of food decision-making among urban Indian women in the context of the nutrition transition.

Design: Mixed methods.

Methods: Semistructured interviews and sorting of 12 a priori hypothesized drivers into categories of always, sometimes, and never influencing food choice.

A prospective randomized controlled study to evaluate and compare GlideScope with Macintosh laryngoscope for ease of endotracheal intubation in adult patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia.

Background: The aim of the study was to compare the ease the intubation using GlideScope video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope in adult patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia.

Materials And Methods: A total of 200 American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II patients of either sex, in the age group of 18-60 years were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups.

Outcomes of rotational atherectomy in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction without hemodynamic support.

Introduction: Elective insertion of a percutaneous circulatory assist device (PCAD) in high-risk patients is considered a reasonable adjunct to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). There is limited data examining the safety and efficacy of rotational atherectomy (RA) without hemodynamic support in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

Methods: We retrospectively identified 131 consecutive patients undergoing RA without elective PCAD over a three-year period.