Risk of Disease After Isoniazid Preventive Therapy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exposure in Young HIV-uninfected Children.

Background: The risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) disease in HIV-uninfected children after isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for a positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT) is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk of TB disease after IPT in young HIV-uninfected children with a positive QFT-GIT result, or household TB contact.

Methods: HIV-uninfected South African infants aged 4-6 months were screened for enrolment in a TB vaccine trial.

The Role of Clinical Symptoms in the Diagnosis of Intrathoracic Tuberculosis in Young Children.

Background: Childhood tuberculosis (TB) is usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture negative. Furthermore, clinical presentation may be altered by active case finding, isoniazid prophylaxis and early treatment. We aimed to establish the value of presenting symptoms for intrathoracic TB case diagnosis among young children.

A randomized clinical trial in adults and newborns in South Africa to compare the safety and immunogenicity of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine administration via a disposable-syringe jet injector to conventional technique with needle and syringe.

Introduction: Intradermal bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination by needle-free, disposable-syringe jet injectors (DSJI) is an alternative to the Mantoux method using needle and syringe (NS). We compared the safety and immunogenicity of BCG administration via the DSJI and NS techniques in adults and newborn infants at the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) research site in South Africa.

Method: Thirty adults and 66 newborn infants were randomized 1:1 to receive intradermal BCG vaccine (0.

Time to symptom resolution in young children treated for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Background: Response to treatment may be useful for diagnostic confirmation of childhood tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to evaluate time to symptom resolution in children treated for pulmonary TB.

Methods: We compared pulmonary TB cases and noncases, classified by a published diagnostic algorithm, in South African children younger than 2.

Diagnostic features associated with culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among young children in a vaccine trial setting.

Objectives: To identify diagnostic features associated with culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the standard for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, to inform clinical end point definitions for new TB vaccine trials.

Methods: Children <2 years of age (n = 1445) were screened and investigated for TB during a Bacille Calmette Guerin vaccine trial in South Africa. Standardized clinical, radiologic, and microbiologic data were collected, including paired gastric lavage and induced sputum for MTB liquid culture.

Effect on longitudinal growth and anemia of zinc or multiple micronutrients added to vitamin A: a randomized controlled trial in children aged 6-24 months.

Background: The benefits of zinc or multiple micronutrient supplementations in African children are uncertain. African children may differ from other populations of children in developing countries because of differences in the prevalence of zinc deficiency, low birth weight and preterm delivery, recurrent or chronic infections such as HIV, or the quality of complementary diets and genetic polymorphisms affecting iron metabolism.The aim of this study was to ascertain whether adding zinc or multiple micronutrients to vitamin A supplementation improves longitudinal growth or reduces prevalence of anemia in children aged 6-24 months.