Secondary Corrections for Single-Suture Craniosynostosis: Perioperative Outcomes and Predisposing Factors.

Background: Many single-suture craniosynostosis corrections end up needing secondary remodeling procedures. The authors sought to determine whether these more complicated operations carry higher complication rates, and to explore potential predisposing factors.

Methods: The authors performed a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing primary and secondary remodeling corrections at a single center, between 2010 and 2020.

Archaeometallurgical characterisation of ancient copper slags from pre-Harappan site, Kunal, India.

The copper slags collected during the excavation of the Early Harappan period site at Kunal in northern India were studied to understand the advancement of smelting technology and the achieved smelting temperature in the furnace by undertaking archaeometallurgical characterisation of the slags. In this research, two types of slags such as slag with glassy appearance and granulated slag were selected for the study. The microscopic structure and distribution of slag components were investigated using optical microscopy and phase determination was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Defining regional variation in nasal anatomy to guide ethnic rhinoplasty: A systematic review.

Background: Recently, there has been increasing focus on understanding nasal anatomy in ethnic populations and using it to guide rhinoplasty techniques in non-Caucasian patients. Many disparate groups have historically been inappropriately clustered based on geography. However, there has been little attention on describing regional differences within these populations.

Surgical Approach to Hemipalatal Discrepancy in Tessier 7 Reconstruction: Review of Literature and Case Series.

Objective: The authors present findings and techniques to address hemipalatal discrepancy in patients with Tessier 7 cleft and associated cleft palate during cleft palatoplasty.

Design: The authors report 2 cases of pediatric patients with Tessier 7 facial clefts and associated cleft palate. One patient presents on the broader oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum and the other is has isolated Tessier cleft 7.

Efficacy of Staged Oronasal Fistula Reconstruction and Improved Bone Graft Survival in Cleft Patients Undergoing Secondary Reconstruction.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the senior author's technique of staged reconstruction in patients with recalcitrant oronasal fistulas.

Design: A retrospective review of the Pediatric Plastic Surgery Cleft & Craniofacial Surgery Database of cases from September 2013 to December 2018 was conducted.

Patients: A total of 31 patients who had previously undergone >1 surgical attempt to repair a fistula or patients who have failed >1 attempt at bone graft were included in this study.

Current Trends in Management of Marjolin's Ulcer: A Systematic Review.

Marjolin's ulcer (MU) is a rare, aggressive entity with frequent delay in diagnosis for a variety of regions. Although well described and classically taught in medical school, aspects of its treatment remain ill-defined and controversial. A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines to identify studies discussing patients who underwent surgical treatment of MU.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Scalp Arteriovenous Malformations With Intracranial Extension.

Scalp arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare entities that may present as large, tortuous vascular lesions with resultant craniofacial deformity. Radiologic findings include feeding arteries and veins associated with dilated tortuous vessels. Intracranial extension is rare.

Cranial Erosion Associated With Non-Midline Dermoid Cysts in the Pediatric Population.

Background: While the risk for intracranial extension of midline nasoglabellar dermoid cysts is well-described, the risk in non-midline dermoid cysts and role of preoperative imaging in these lesions is less understood. This study aims to address this gap and provide preoperative recommendations.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review was performed evaluating patients who underwent excision of craniofacial dermoid cysts by a single surgeon.

Surgical Management of Pediatric Lymphedema: A Systematic Review.

Background:  Lymphedema is a rare, progressive, and debilitating condition caused by failure of the lymphatic system to adequately drain the protein-rich fluid exiting the capillaries. Conservative management is often emphasized in pediatric patients, resulting in a paucity of literature describing surgical treatment in this population.

Methods:  A systematic review was performed using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to identify all studies describing surgical management of lymphedema in the pediatric population.

Impact of Seasonal Variant Temperatures and Laboratory Room Ambient Temperature on Mortality of Rats with Ischemic Brain Injury.

Introduction: A popular rat model for hypoperfusion ischemic brain injury is bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). BCCAO surgery when performed in varying geographical locations and during different seasons of the year is reported to have variable mortality rates. Studies have also documented the diminishing influence of Ketamine-Xylazine (KT-XY) on thermoregulatory functions in rodents.

The distribution and extent of reflux and obstruction in patients with active venous ulceration.

Objectives: This study was performed to precisely define the underlying pathophysiology in patients with active venous ulcers.

Methods: A PubMed search was conducted from 1991 to 2013 to select papers reporting the anatomic and physiologic etiology of ulceration in CEAP Class 6 patients. Studies which did not decipher between active and healed ulcers, did not use clear definitions, or did not give detailed accounts on the distribution/extent of venous pathology were excluded.

SarA is a repressor of hla (alpha-hemolysin) transcription in Staphylococcus aureus: its apparent role as an activator of hla in the prototype strain NCTC 8325 depends on reduced expression of sarS.

In most Staphylococcus aureus strains, inactivation of sarA increases hla transcription, indicating that sarA is a repressor. However, in S. aureus NCTC 8325 and its derivatives, used for most studies of hla regulation, inactivation of sarA resulted in decreased hla transcription.

Reducing the fitness cost of antibiotic resistance by amplification of initiator tRNA genes.

Deformylase inhibitors belong to a novel antibiotic class that targets peptide deformylase, a bacterial enzyme that removes the formyl group from N-terminal methionine in nascent polypeptides. Using the bacterium Salmonella enterica, we isolated mutants with resistance toward the peptide deformylase inhibitor actinonin. Resistance mutations were identified in two genes that are required for the formylation of methionyl (Met) initiator tRNA (tRNAi)(fMet): the fmt gene encoding the enzyme methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase and the folD gene encoding the bifunctional enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate-dehydrogenase and -cyclohydrolase.

A pneumococcal pilus influences virulence and host inflammatory responses.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. The initial event in invasive pneumococcal disease is the attachment of encapsulated pneumococci to epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract. This work provides evidence that initial bacterial adhesion and subsequent ability to cause invasive disease is enhanced by pili, long organelles able to extend beyond the polysaccharide capsule, previously unknown to exist in pneumococci.

Impact of staphylococcal protease expression on the outcome of infectious arthritis.

The exoproteases of Staphylococcus aureus have been proposed as virulence factors during S. aureus infections. To investigate this, we used the wild-type S.

Disseminated cutaneous herpes simplex virus type-1 with interstitial pneumonia as a first presentation of AIDS.

Recognition of cutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can be difficult because of its atypical prsentations. Pneumonia in AIDS is complex with many possible etiologies. Identification of HSV preceded by atypical cutaneous manifestation and pneumonia is critical, given the poor prognosis when treatment is delayed or not prescribed.