Development of Chronic Thyroiditis During Cyclosporin A Treatment.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant. Although CsA effectively suppresses T cells, excessive suppression of regulatory T cells may exacerbate autoimmune diseases. Here, we report a case of chronic thyroiditis developing during CsA treatment.

Non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia that required immediate surgery after a long-term asymptomatic state: recommendation for early intervention.

Summary: An 82-year-old woman with a 60-year history of a lung tumor presented with hypoglycemia. Non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) was suspected; however, her hypoglycemia stabilized with supplemental food. She was discharged, based on her wishes, and planned to undergo surgery later.

Expression Level Changes in Serotonin Transporter are Associated with Food Deprivation in the Pond Snail .

In the pond snail , serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in feeding behavior and its associated learning (e.g., conditioned taste aversion: CTA).

Genes Upregulated by Operant Conditioning of Escape Behavior in the Pond Snail .

The pond snail is capable of learning by both classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Although operant conditioning related to escape behavior with punishment has been examined by some research groups, the molecular mechanisms are not known. In the present study, we examined changes in the expression levels of cAMP-response element binding protein 1 (CREB1), CREB2, CREB-binding protein (CBP), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the central nervous system (CNS) using real-time PCR following operant conditioning of escape behavior.

FOXO in : Its Probable Involvement in Memory Consolidation.

Food deprivation activates forkhead box O (FOXO), a transcription factor downstream of insulin receptors. In the pond snail , insulin signaling and food deprivation improve memory consolidation following conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. We investigated the subcellular localization of FOXO in and changes in its expression levels following food deprivation, CTA learning, and insulin administration.

Revisiting oxytocin generation in keratinocytes.

Some evidence suggests that oxytocin, which is a neuropeptide conventionally thought to be synthesized in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, is generated in peripheral keratinocytes, but the details are lacking and the mRNA analysis is further required. Oxytocin and neurophysin I are generated together as cleavage products after splitting the precursor molecule, preprooxyphysin. To confirm that oxytocin and neurophysin I are also generated in the peripheral keratinocytes, it must first be clarified that these molecules contained in peripheral keratinocytes did not originate in the posterior pituitary gland and then the expression of oxytocin and neurophysin I mRNAs must be established in keratinocytes.

Identification of Putative Molecules for Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptor and Their Roles in Learning and Memory in .

Adiponectin enhances insulin sensitivity, which improves cognition in mammals. How adiponectin affects the mechanism's underlying cognition, however, remains unknown. We hypothesized that experiments using the pond snail , which has long been used in learning and memory studies and in which the function of insulin-like peptides affect learning and memory, could clarify the basic mechanisms by which adiponectin affects cognition.

Clinical characteristics of patients with unexplainable hypothalamic disorder diagnosed by the corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge test: a retrospective study.

Background: The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) challenge test can distinguish the disorders of the hypothalamus from those of the pituitary. However, the pathophysiology of hypothalamic disorder (HD) has not been fully understood. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of patients with unexplainable HD, diagnosed by the CRH challenge test.

Recovery from insulin dependence in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated diabetes mellitus: A case report.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated diabetes mellitus (ICI-DM) is a rare immune-related adverse event and is usually considered permanent. Here, we report the first case of a 54-year-old man with ICI-DM who recovered from insulin dependence. He was diagnosed with lung cancer and started pembrolizumab therapy.

Insulin and Memory in Invertebrates.

Insulin and insulin-like peptides (ILP) help to maintain glucose homeostasis, whereas insulin-like growth factor (IGF) promotes the growth and differentiation of cells in both vertebrates and invertebrates. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between ILP and IGF in invertebrates, however, because in some cases ILP has the same function as IGF. In the present review, therefore, we refer to these peptides as ILP/IGF signaling (IIS) in invertebrates, and discuss the role of IIS in memory formation after classical conditioning in invertebrates.

Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus induced by pembrolizumab in a patient with urothelial carcinoma: A case report.

A case of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus secondary to administration of pembrolizumab in a patient with urothelial carcinoma is presented. Eight days after the third infusion of pembrolizumab, the patient presented with complaints of malaise and anorexia. The patient's laboratory data showed a blood glucose level of 1092mg/dl with ketonuria and negative for glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody.

Twice-daily insulin degludec/insulin aspart effectively improved morning and evening glucose levels and quality of life in patients previously treated with premixed insulin: an observational study.

Background: Previous studies comparing insulin degludec/insulin aspart (IDegAsp) with premixed insulin twice daily among insulin users with type 2 diabetes have not thoroughly investigated differences in the glucose variability and psychological evaluations related to insulin regimen changes. We investigated changes in the daily and day-to-day glucose variability and quality of life (QOL) related to insulin use in patients with type 2 diabetes during a switch from premixed insulin preparations comprising either human insulin (BHI30) or insulin aspart (BIAsp30) to IDegAsp twice daily.

Methods: In this prospective observational study, 22 subjects (BHI30:BIAsp30 = 12:10) self-measured their blood glucose levels every morning, and before and after all meals each week.

Glucose excursions and hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with mitiglinide/voglibose versus glimepiride: A randomized cross-over trial.

Background: Glucose excursions and hypoglycemia are associated with cardiovascular complications. However, no studies have evaluated glucose excursions and the frequency of hypoglycemia in patients treated with mitiglinide/voglibose versus glimepiride as add-on to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor therapy.

Methods: This cross-over trial included 20 patients with type 2 diabetes.

Basal and Bolus Insulin Dose Changes after Switching Basal Insulin to Insulin Degludec in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study.

Background And Objectives: Ultra-long-acting insulin degludec (DEG) has a longer duration of action and less daily variability relative to other basal insulin (BI), and thus may benefit patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We examined the impact of switching BI to DEG on glycemic control and insulin dose in T1DM.

Methods: T1DM patients (n = 22; six male; mean age: 64.

Possible link of pioglitazone with bladder cancer in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

We retrospectively examined the frequency of bladder cancer in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes in relation to use of pioglitazone. Among a total of 663 patients identified to be taking pioglitazone, 9 had bladder cancer (1.36%).

Relationship between telmisartan dose and glycaemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a retrospective study.

Background And Objectives: Telmisartan has been reported to have beneficial effects on insulin resistance and lipid profiles by acting as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist. In this study we investigated the relationship between telmisartan dose and glycaemic control in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

Methods: Patients (n = 263) who were prescribed telmisartan 20, 40 or 80 mg/day at our clinic were retrospectively identified from our clinical database.

[Two cases of isolated ACTH deficiency suspected as depression with severe appetite loss].

Unlabelled: Diagnosing isolated ACTH deficiency can be a challenging task for a clinician due to its non-specific symptoms, such as a decreased appetite, general fatigue, and psychological dysfunction. This report is on two patients with isolated ACTH deficiency who presented with extreme appetite loss and were referred for psychiatric evaluation with a suspected diagnosis of depression.

Case I: A business executive in his late sixties showed severe appetite loss and vomiting in May of the year X.