Effects of pyroligneous acid on acute, chronic, and cyto-genotoxicity to earthworms ().

The pyroligneous acid (PA), or wood vinegar, is a byproduct of wood carbonization during the slow pyrolysis process. PA is recognized globally as a safe compound for agriculture due to its various beneficial properties, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and termiticidal properties. However, the impact of different PA concentrations on beneficial soil organisms, such as earthworms has not been investigated.

Cyto-genotoxicity evaluation of pyroligneous acid using assay.

Pyroligneous acid (PA) is a highly oxygenated organic condensate obtained by cooling the gases generated from the pyrolysis process. PA has been used in agriculture for several years with multiple beneficial effects, including plant health and yields, pest resilience, and seed germination. It is generally applied to agricultural soils in the dilution of 1:1000 to 1:100, corresponding to 0.