Enhancing mixed traffic safety assessment: A novel safety metric combined with a comprehensive behavioral modeling framework.

In the context of future traffic systems, where automated vehicles (AVs) coexist with human-driven vehicles (HVs), ensuring road safety is of utmost importance. Existing safety assessment methods, however, are inadequate for the complex scenarios presented by mixed traffic conditions. These methods often fail to distinguish sufficiently between AVs and HVs, leading to inaccuracies in safety evaluations.