Increasing β-carotene bioavailability and bioactivity in spinach demonstrated using excipient nanoemulsions-especially those of long-chain triglycerides.

This study sought to improve the biological fate of β-carotene obtained from spinach, using in vitro digestion, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion, and in vivo approaches, to investigate the effects of excipient emulsions with medium- (MCT) and long-chain triglyceride (LCT) as a vehicle for improved health benefits of β-carotene. Results showed that the bioavailability and bioactivity of β-carotene were both significantly higher in the excipient emulsions relative to those without the emulsions. This was especially true when LCT was used as the vehicle.

In vitro and in vivo study of the enhancement of carotenoid bioavailability in vegetables using excipient nanoemulsions: Impact of lipid content.

The impact of lipid content of excipient nanoemulsions on the bioavailability of carotenoids from spinach was assessed using a combination of in vitro and in vivo digestion models. Alterations in the particle size, charge, microstructure, and lipid digestion were monitored as the spinach-nanoemulsion mixtures passed through the digestive tract. There was an increase in both bioaccessibility (19.

Astaxanthin attenuates oxidative stress and immune impairment in D-galactose-induced aging in rats by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and suppressing the NF-κB pathway.

As a potential antioxidant, astaxanthin (AST) exhibits anti-aging effects. However, its relationships to oxidative stress and immunity have yet to be sufficiently investigated. In this research, integrated analysis of oxidative stress and immunosenescence was performed to elucidate the efficacy and potential mechanisms of AST in d-galactose-induced aging in rats.

Improvement of carotenoid bioaccessibility from spinach by co-ingesting with excipient nanoemulsions: impact of the oil phase composition.

Many of the carotenoids found naturally in fruits and vegetables are beneficial to human health, but they often have low oral bioavailability because of their high hydrophobicity. In this study, the effects of varying the composition of the oil phase of excipient nanoemulsions on carotenoid bioaccessibility from spinach were investigated using a simulated gastrointestinal tract. Nanoemulsions containing different ratios of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and long chain triglycerides (LCT) were prepared: (i) mixing MCT and LCT oils before homogenization and (ii) mixing MCT droplets with LCT droplets after homogenization.