520 nm and 660 nm light-emitting diodes modulates pancreatic development and beta cell functions in zebrafish embryos.

Green and Red LEDs increase insulin production, but their comparative effects on pancreatic and beta cell development are unclear. Zebrafish embryos were divided into three groups: Control (n = 60), Green (G) (n = 60), and Red (R) (n = 60), then irradiated for three days (14 hours/day) with 0.5 W/cm G (λpeak = 520 nm, 180 mA) and R (λpeak = 660 nm, 210 mA).

Pyridinium-Functionalized Ionic Metal-Organic Frameworks Designed as Bifunctional Catalysts for CO Fixation into Cyclic Carbonates.

Ionic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a new platform to design and construct complete heterogeneous bifunctional catalytic systems for the chemical fixation of CO with epoxides. Herein, we developed a series of bifunctional pyridinium ionic MOF heterogeneous catalysts (66Pym-RXs and 67BPym-MeI) by the postsynthetic N-alkylation of noncoordinated pyridine sites in porous MOFs. The synergetic catalytic effect of acidic sites with nucleophilic anions in the ionic MOF significantly enhanced the catalytic activity toward the cycloaddition of CO with epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates under cocatalyst-free and solvent-free mild conditions.

Domino Palladium-Catalyzed Double Norbornene Insertion/Annulation Reaction: Expeditious Synthesis of Overcrowded Tetrasubstituted Olefins.

A Pd-catalyzed domino process involving a double norbornene insertion/annulation reaction was developed for the expeditious synthesis of overcrowded olefins. In this one-pot reaction, four new C-C bond formations were achieved by three consecutive Heck carbopalladations and C-H activation across the C≡C triple bond of 2-alkynyl bromobenzenes with two norbornene rings via a reactive vinylic-Pd(II) species. This protocol provides a step-economical synthetic system to access the structurally identical molecular machine motifs of overcrowded olefins with high yields.

Pd(0)-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective cyclization of alkynes: selective synthesis of (E)-4-(isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines and aze/oxepinoindoles.

Palladium-catalyzed highly regio- and stereoselective 6-exo-dig and 7-endo-dig cyclization of functionalized propargylic compounds has been developed for the synthesis of (E)-4-(isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines and aze/oxepinoindoles.