Tsunami waves extensively resurfaced the shorelines of an early Martian ocean.

It has been proposed that ~3.4 billion years ago an ocean fed by enormous catastrophic floods covered most of the Martian northern lowlands. However, a persistent problem with this hypothesis is the lack of definitive paleoshoreline features.

Associations of serum β-carotene and retinol concentrations with insulin resistance: the Toon Health Study.

Objective: Although green and yellow vegetables have beneficial effects against type 2 diabetes, the relationship of their nutritive content with insulin resistance is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of serum β-carotene and retinol concentrations with glucose and insulin concentrations.

Methods: We recruited 951 Japanese men and women ages 30 to 79 y who were not undergoing treatment for diabetes and measured their serum β-carotene and retinol concentrations.

The impact of masticatory ability as evaluated by salivary flow rates on obesity in Japanese: The Toon health study.

Objective: This study examined the associations of masticatory ability evaluated by chewing-gum-stimulated salivary flow rate with anthropometric indices among a general Japanese population.

Methods: In total, 921 Japanese men and women aged 30-79 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Saliva production was stimulated by 5 min of gum chewing, then collected; salivary flow rate was calculated as g/min.