HDAC inhibition prevents hypobaric hypoxia-induced spatial memory impairment through PΙ3K/GSK3β/CREB pathway.

Hypobaric hypoxia at higher altitudes usually impairs cognitive function. Previous studies suggested that epigenetic modifications are the culprits for this condition. Here, we set out to determine how hypobaric hypoxia mediates epigenetic modifications and how this condition worsens neurodegeneration and memory loss in rats.

Hyperinflammation and Immune Response Generation in COVID-19.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide. The pathophysiology of this virus is not very clearly known, thus, enormous efforts are being made by the scientific community to delineate its evading mechanism. In this review, we have summarized the hyperinflammation and humoral and cell-mediated immune response generated in human body after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Effect of Synbiotics on Amelioration of Intestinal Inflammation Under Hypobaric Hypoxia.

Khanna, Kunjan, Kamla Prasad Mishra, Sudipta Chanda, Lilly Ganju, Shashi Bala Singh, and Bhuvnesh Kumar. Effect of synbiotics on amelioration of intestinal inflammation under hypobaric hypoxia. .

Heat stress induced oxidative damage and perturbation in BDNF/ERK1/2/CREB axis in hippocampus impairs spatial memory.

Heat exposure is an environmental stress that causes diverse heat related pathophysiological changes under extreme conditions. The brain including hippocampal region which is associated with learning and memory is significantly affected by heat stress resulting in memory impairment. However, the effect of heat on the spatial memory remains unclear.

Andrographolide Mitigates Unfolded Protein Response Pathway and Apoptosis Involved in Chikungunya Virus Infection.

Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne RNA virus which induces host Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress by accumulating unfolded or misfolded proteins. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway to enable proper protein folding and maintain cellular homeostasis. There is no approved drug or vaccine available for CHIKV treatment, therefore, a pharmacological countermeasure is warranted for preventing CHIKV infection.

Trans-Himalayan Phytococktail Confers Protection Against Hypobaric Hypoxia-Induced Hippocampal Neurodegeneration and Memory Impairment in Male Sprague Dawley Rats.

Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) has been reported to cause neurodegeneration and memory impairment. , , and , the indigenous plants of Indian Trans-Himalaya are widely used in traditional Tibetan and Amchi system of medicine. These are rich sources of diverse bioactive metabolites having prophylactic and therapeutic uses against a wide array of neurodegenerative diseases.

Role of DNA Methylation in Hypobaric Hypoxia-Induced Neurodegeneration and Spatial Memory Impairment.

Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) is a major stress factor that is associated with physiological, biochemical, molecular and genomic alterations. Brain is the organ that reacts sensitively to oxygen deprivation, which leads to oxidative stress and cognitive function impairment. Our previous studies have reported that downregulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) leads to neurodegeneration and memory impairment.

Evaluation of anti-dengue activity of Carica papaya aqueous leaf extract and its role in platelet augmentation.

Dengue disease is characterized by a marked decrease in platelet count, which is life threatening. In the present study, we investigated the antiviral activity of an aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves (PLE) against dengue virus (DENV) and its effect on platelet augmentation. The anti-dengue activity of PLE in DENV-infected THP-1 cells was examined by immunoblotting and flow cytometry.

Effects of Acute Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia on Mucosal Barrier Injury and the Gastrointestinal Immune Axis in Rats.

High altitude-induced gastrointestinal (GI) problems are potentially life-threatening. GI tract bleeding and inflammation are the major problems induced by hypobaric hypoxia (HH). In this study, effects of acute exposure to HH up to 14 days at 7620 m on GI immune function have been studied.

Inhibitory effects of andrographolide on activated macrophages and adjuvant-induced arthritis.

Andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone obtained from plant Andrographis paniculata, is used in South Asian countries to relieve various inflammatory symptoms. To study the effects of this agent, the impact of andrographolide on production of inflammatory mediators were delineated in mouse peritoneal macrophages (PMϕ). Inflammatory mediators like nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 and related molecular mechanisms of andrographolide-mediated inhibition of enzymes/transcription factors were studied.

Effect of modulation of unfolded protein response pathway on dengue virus infection.

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cascade of events that helps restoring cellular homeostasis under stressful conditions. It is activated when there is an imbalance in the protein load and protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a result of an increase in the naïve, unfolded, or misfolded protein content of the cell. Dengue virus (DENV) utilizes the host machinery to synthesize viral proteins and replicates in the cell.

Evidence for altered metabolic pathways during environmental stress: (1)H-NMR spectroscopy based metabolomics and clinical studies on subjects of sea-voyage and Antarctic-stay.

The Antarctic context is an analogue of space travel, with close similarity in ambience of extreme climate, isolation, constrained living spaces, disrupted sleep cycles, and environmental stress. The present study examined the impact of the harsh habitat of Antarctica on human physiology and its metabolic pathways, by analyzing human serum samples, using (1)H-NMR spectroscopy for identification of metabolites; and quantifying other physiological and clinical parameters for correlation between expression data and metabolite data. Sera from seven adult males (of median age 36years) who participated in this study, from the 28th Indian Expeditionary group to the Antarctica station Maitri, were collected in chronological sequence.

Wintering in Antarctica: impact on immune response of Indian expeditioners.

The immune system is one of the major thrust areas in understanding the effects of adverse climatic conditions on human health. Exposure to the Antarctic environment, such as isolation, cold, UV radiations, magnetic field, blizzards, circadian biorhythms, and fear of the unknown, modify various components of the immune system. Members of Antarctic expeditions suffer significant emotional strain as a result of physical isolation and social deprivation.

Ship-borne journey induces Th1 cytokines level in antarctic summer expeditioners.

It has become apparent that extreme environmental conditions of Antarctic continent alters many immune responses. The present study was conducted on 28th Indian Antarctic expeditioners. The investigations were carried out to explore the effect of multiple stresses like isolation, cold and UV exposure on human immunity.

Effect of lead exposure on the immune response of some occupationally exposed individuals.

Lead is a ubiquitous pollutant in the industrial environment, which poses serious threats to human health. In the past 20 years increasing attention has been paid to the effects of lead exposure on health. This toxic metal alters the immune response of animals as well as humans.