Correction: Szymanska et al. The Effect of Visfatin on the Functioning of the Porcine Pituitary Gland: An In Vitro Study. 2023, 12, 2835.

In the original publication [...

Tracking changes in functionality and morphology of repopulated microglia in young and old mice.

Background: Microglia (MG) are myeloid cells of the central nervous system that support homeostasis and instigate neuroinflammation in pathologies. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed the functional heterogeneity of MG in mouse brains. Microglia are self-renewing cells and inhibition of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling depletes microglia which rapidly repopulate.

Bi-functional CpG-STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide triggers multilineage differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia in mice.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells resist differentiation stimuli despite high expression of innate immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). We previously demonstrated that targeting Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) using TLR9-targeted decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-STAT3d) increases immunogenicity of human and mouse AML cells. Here, we elucidated molecular mechanisms of inv(16) AML reprogramming driven by STAT3-inhibition/TLR9-activation .

The Role of Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in the Course of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children.

The etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still unclear. Prior studies suggest genetic components that may influence the incidence and severity of the disease. Additionally, it was shown that low levels of serum vitamin D may have an impact on the clinical course of the disease due to its effect on the immunological system.

Renoprotective effect of (de Girard) Kuntze via modulation of oxidative stress/ UPR markers and inflammation during cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Objectives: The present study aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying the potency of the renoprotective effect of the EtOAc fraction of (EALD) (Plumbaginaceae) against cyclosporine A (CsA), in comparison to vitamin E (Vit. E).

Materials And Methods: In the experiment, a model of CsA-induced nephrotoxicity was established by dosing male Wistar rats with 25 mg/kg, for 14 days.

An updated patent review on PD-1/PD-L1 antagonists (2022-present).

Introduction: PD-L1, via its interactions with PD-1, constitutes a key immune checkpoint that allows cancer cells to escape immune surveillance. Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) led to spectacular success in clinical oncology. However, the inherent limitations of mAbs and increasing findings about immune-related adverse events (iRAEs) prompted intense research in the field of small-molecule inhibitors of PD-L1.

ChatGPT-3.5 passes Poland's medical final examination-Is it possible for ChatGPT to become a doctor in Poland?

Objectives: ChatGPT is an advanced chatbot based on Large Language Model that has the ability to answer questions. Undoubtedly, ChatGPT is capable of transforming communication, education, and customer support; however, can it play the role of a doctor? In Poland, prior to obtaining a medical diploma, candidates must successfully pass the Medical Final Examination.

Methods: The purpose of this research was to determine how well ChatGPT performed on the Polish Medical Final Examination, which passing is required to become a doctor in Poland (an exam is considered passed if at least 56% of the tasks are answered correctly).

C2-Symmetrical Terphenyl Derivatives as Small Molecule Inhibitors of Programmed Cell Death 1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 Protein-Protein Interaction.

The PD-1/PD-L1 complex is an immune checkpoint responsible for regulating the natural immune response, but also allows tumors to escape immune surveillance. Inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis positively contributes to the efficacy of cancer treatment. The only available therapeutics targeting PD-1/PD-L1 are monoclonal antibody-based drugs, which have several limitations.

scRNA-seq reveals the diversity of the developing cardiac cell lineage and molecular players in heart rhythm regulation.

We utilized scRNA-seq to delineate the diversity of cell types in the zebrafish heart. Transcriptome profiling of over 50,000 cells at 48 and 72 hpf defined at least 18 discrete cell lineages of the developing heart. Utilizing well-established gene signatures, we identified a population of cells likely to be the primary pacemaker and characterized the transcriptome profile defining this critical cell type.

Comprehensive analysis of the REST transcription factor regulatory networks in IDH mutant and IDH wild-type glioma cell lines and tumors.

The RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) acts either as a repressor or activator of transcription depending on the genomic and cellular context. REST is a key player in brain cell differentiation by inducing chromatin modifications, including DNA methylation, in a proximity of its binding sites. Its dysfunction may contribute to oncogenesis.

DMRTA2 supports glioma stem-cell mediated neovascularization in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal brain tumor in adults. Due to its fast proliferation, diffusive growth and therapy resistance survival times are less than two years for patients with IDH-wildtype GBM. GBM is noted for the considerable cellular heterogeneity, high stemness indices and abundance of the glioma stem-like cells known to support tumor progression, therapeutic resistance and recurrence.

SorLA restricts TNFα release from microglia to shape a glioma-supportive brain microenvironment.

SorLA, encoded by the gene SORL1, is an intracellular sorting receptor of the VPS10P domain receptor gene family. Although SorLA is best recognized for its ability to shuttle target proteins between intracellular compartments in neurons, recent data suggest that also its microglial expression can be of high relevance for the pathogenesis of brain diseases, including glioblastoma (GBM). Here, we interrogated the impact of SorLA on the functional properties of glioma-associated microglia and macrophages (GAMs).

Deep Learning Glioma Grading with the Tumor Microenvironment Analysis Protocol for Comprehensive Learning, Discovering, and Quantifying Microenvironmental Features.

Gliomas are primary brain tumors that arise from neural stem cells, or glial precursors. Diagnosis of glioma is based on histological evaluation of pathological cell features and molecular markers. Gliomas are infiltrated by myeloid cells that accumulate preferentially in malignant tumors, and their abundance inversely correlates with survival, which is of interest for cancer immunotherapies.

Visfatin Affects the Transcriptome of Porcine Luteal Cells during Early Pregnancy.

Visfatin/NAMPT (VIS), the hormone exerting a pleiotropic effect, is also perceived as an important factor in the regulation of reproductive processes and pregnancy maintenance. Previous studies confirmed its involvement in the control of porcine pituitary and ovary function. In this study, we hypothesized that VIS may affect the global transcriptome of luteal cells and thus regulate the functioning of the ovaries.

H2A.Z histone variants facilitate HDACi-dependent removal of H3.3K27M mutant protein in pediatric high-grade glioma cells.

Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are deadly pediatric brain tumors, non-resectable due to brainstem localization and diffusive growth. Over 80% of DIPGs harbor a mutation in histone 3 (H3.3 or H3.

The Role of Adipokines in the Control of Pituitary Functions.

The pituitary gland is a key endocrine gland in all classes of vertebrates, including mammals. The pituitary gland is an important component of hypothalamus-pituitary-target organ hormonal regulatory axes and forms a functional link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. In response to hypothalamic stimuli, the pituitary gland secretes a number of hormones involved in the regulation of metabolism, stress reactions and environmental adaptation, growth and development, as well as reproductive processes and lactation.

The Effect of Visfatin on the Functioning of the Porcine Pituitary Gland: An In Vitro Study.

Visfatin (VIS), also known as nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Recently, VIS has been also recognized as an adipokine. Our previous study revealed that VIS is produced in the anterior and posterior lobes of the porcine pituitary.

Visfatin in the porcine pituitary gland: expression and regulation of secretion during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy.

Visfatin is a multifunctional protein which, besides the control of energy homeostasis, seems to be also involved in the regulation of female fertility through the influence on the endocrine hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, including the pituitary. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of visfatin mRNA and protein in the anterior (AP) and posterior pituitary lobes of the pig during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. In AP, we also examined colocalisation of visfatin with pituitary tropic hormones.

Toward Understanding of the Social Hysteresis: Insights From Agent-Based Modeling.

Hysteresis has been used to understand various social phenomena, such as political polarization, the persistence of the vaccination-compliance problem, or the delayed response of employees in a firm to wage incentives. The aim of this article is to show the insights that can be gained from using agent-based models (ABMs) to study hysteresis. To build up an intuition about hysteresis, we start with an illustrative example from physics that demonstrates how hysteresis manifests as collective memory.

Oxidative Stress and Potential Antioxidant Therapies in Vitiligo: A Narrative Review.

Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder characterised by the loss of melanocytes and subsequent skin depigmentation. Although many theories have been proposed in the literature, none alone explains the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Oxidative stress has been identified as a potential factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.

Targeted sequencing of cancer-related genes reveals a recurrent TOP2A variant which affects DNA binding and coincides with global transcriptional changes in glioblastoma.

High-grade gliomas are aggressive, deadly primary brain tumors. Median survival of patients with glioblastoma (GBM, WHO grade 4) is 14 months and <10% of patients survive 2 years. Despite improved surgical strategies and forceful radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis of GBM patients is poor and did not improve over decades.

BLM helicase overexpressed in human gliomas contributes to diverse responses of human glioma cells to chemotherapy.

Most of anti-tumour therapies eliminate neoplastic cells by introducing DNA damage which ultimately triggers cell death. These effects are counteracted by activated DNA repair pathways to sustain tumour proliferation capacity. RECQL helicases family, including BLM, participate in DNA damage and repair, and prevent the replication stress.

Hypoxia-mediated regulation of DDX5 through decreased chromatin accessibility and post-translational targeting restricts R-loop accumulation.

Local hypoxia occurs in most solid tumors and is associated with aggressive disease and therapy resistance. Widespread changes in gene expression play a critical role in the biological response to hypoxia. However, most research has focused on hypoxia-inducible genes as opposed to those that are decreased in hypoxia.

Exploring Novel Therapeutic Opportunities for Glioblastoma Using Patient-Derived Cell Cultures.

Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most common, primary brain tumors in adults. Despite advances in neurosurgery and radio- and chemotherapy, the median survival of GBM patients is 15 months. Recent large-scale genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses have shown the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of GBMs, which hampers the outcomes of standard therapies.