Selective Partition of Lipopeptides from Fermentation Broth: A Green and Sustainable Approach.

Lipopeptide (LP) biosurfactants from microbes have the potential to gradually replace chemical synthetic surfactants and fit the contemporary green and sustainable industrial production concept. However, their active participation is comparatively low in the global market pertaining to their low yield in microbial broth and costly downstream processes arising due to tedious isolation and purification methods. Herein, an efficient extraction method is developed that utilizes an aqueous biphasic system (ABS) comprising ionic liquids and polypropylene glycol 400 (PPG) to selectively extract a mixture of cyclic lipopeptides, namely, surfactin and fengycin from the culture broth of 5NPA-1, isolated from the halophyte Roxb.

Recent Developments on Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents for Drug Delivery Applications.

The field of Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is continuously expanding due to their exceptional unique properties and highly tunable nature, which finds applications in broad areas of modern science. Considering numerous possible IL and DES combinations prepared with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), they find applications in pharmaceutical sciences. They can also serve as potential components of drug formulations and hence they have drawn the attention of formulation scientists.

Preparation of seaweed polysaccharide based hydrophobic composite membranes for the separation of oil/water emulsion and protein.

Agarose is a seaweed-based polysaccharide and is widely used for the separation of nucleic acids in molecular biology. Cross-linked agarose beads are also used as solid-phase matrices in size exclusion chromatography for the separation of proteins. To find the application of agarose for the separation of oil/water emulsion and protein, herein hydrophobic derivative of the seaweed biopolymer [M (1.

Optimization of the spontaneous adsorption of food colors from aqueous medium using functionalized Chitosan/Cinnamaldehyde hydrogel.

Hydrogels are considered as practical and proficient materials in adsorption and removal of soluble lethal molecules from aqueous system. They are also rapid-decomposable and economical materials besides their diverse preventive claims. In current study, Cinnamaldehyde (C), a natural defensive compound and Chitosan (Ch), natural occurring bio-macromolecule are considered to develop bio-inspired hydrogel (ChC).

Seaweed Polysaccharide Based Products and Materials: An Assessment on Their Production from a Sustainability Point of View.

Among the various natural polymers, polysaccharides are one of the oldest biopolymers present on the Earth. They play a very crucial role in the survival of both animals and plants. Due to the presence of hydroxyl functional groups in most of the polysaccharides, it is easy to prepare their chemical derivatives.

Synthesis, Colloidal Characterization and Targetability of Phenylboronic Acid Functionalized α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate in Cancer Cells.

This study reports targetable micelles developed after covalent functionalization of α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) with amino phenylboronic acid (APBA). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopic results showed successful attachment of APBA to the hydrophilic segment of TPGS. Dynamic light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering studies revealed that the conjugate self-assembled in water to produce spherical core-shell micelles (14-20 nm) which remained stable against temperature (ca.

Simultaneous morphological transformation of metal salt and conformations of DNA in a bio-based ionic liquid.

The extraordinary left handed conformation of DNA known as Z-DNA has attracted the attention of structural biologists due to its characteristic features such as its possible role in regulation of gene expression and genetic instability. There are number of physical parameters which can induce the conformational transformation of double helical B-DNA to Z-DNA. Among the various physical conditions, right-handed B-DNA can be transformed into left-handed Z-DNA in vitro at high salt concentrations or in vivo under physiological conditions.

High concentration solubility and stability of ɛ-poly-l-lysine in an ammonium-based ionic liquid: A suitable media for polypeptide packaging and biomaterial preparation.

Packaging of structurally sensitive biomolecules such as proteins, peptides and DNA in non-aqueous media at ambient conditions with chemical and structural stability is important to explore the potential of such biomacromolecules as substrate for functional biomaterial design and for biotechnological applications. In this perspective, solubility, chemical and structural stability of ɛ-poly-l-lysine (ɛ-PL), a homopolypeptide produced by Streptomyces albulus in different ionic liquids (ILs) namely 2-hydroxyethyl ammonium formate (2-HEAF), 2-hydroxyethyl ammonium acetate (2-HEAA), choline formate (Ch-Formate) and choline acetate (Ch-Acetate) was studied. Maximum solubility (15% w/v) of the homopolypeptide was observed in 2-HEAF and lowest was found in Ch-Formate (2% w/v).

Stimuli responsive ion gels based on polysaccharides and other polymers prepared using ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents.

Ion gels and self-healing gels prepared using ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been largely investigated in the past years due to their remarkable applications in different research areas. Herewith we provide an overview on the ILs and DESs used for the preparation of ion gels, highlight the preparation and physicochemical characteristics of stimuli responsive gel materials based on co-polymers and biopolymers, with special emphasis on polysaccharides and discuss their applications. Overall, this review summarizes the fundamentals and advances in ion gels with switchable properties prepared using ILs or DESs, as well as their potential applications in electrochemistry, in sensing devices and as drug delivery vehicles.

Agarose based large molecular systems: Synthesis of fluorescent aromatic agarose amino acid nano-conjugates - their pH-stimulated structural variations and interactions with BSA.

Two new nano-sized fluorescent 6-amino agarose naphthalic acid half ester derivatives were synthesized (ca.60% yields) employing 1,8- and 2,3-naphthalic acid anhydrides (1,8-AANE, and 2,3-AANE respectively). These large nano molecular frameworks (DLS 3 & 100 nm, and 3 & 152 nm respectively) contains amino, naphthalate half-ester carboxyl groups at the C-6 positions of the 1,3-β-D-galactopyranose moieties of the agarose backbone (overall DS 0.

Suitability of bio-based ionic liquids for the extraction and purification of IgG antibodies.

In the past decade, remarkable advances in the production and use of antibodies as therapeutic drugs and in research/diagnostic fields have led to their recognition as value-added proteins. These biopharmaceuticals have become increasingly important, reinforcing the current demand for the development of more benign, scalable and cost-effective techniques for their purification. Typical polymer-polymer and polymer-salt aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) have been studied for such a goal; yet, the limited polarity range of the coexisting phases and their low selective nature still are their major drawbacks.

Agarose functionalization: Synthesis of PEG-agarose amino acid nano-conjugate - its structural ramifications and interactions with BSA in a varying pH regime.

In a rapid one-step method protein-mimicking large agarose amino acid framework (AAE; GPC 156.7kDa) was conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG 9kDa) affording nano-sized PEGylated amphoteric agarose (PEG-AAE; <10nm; DLS) containing amino, carboxyl and ester groups [overall degree of substitution (DS) 0.91].

Biomass derived solvents for the scalable production of single layered graphene from graphite.

Among four different biomass derived green and sustainable solvents namely levulinic acid (LA), ethyl lactate (EL), γ-valerolactone (GVL) and formic acid (FA) only LA was found to exfoliate graphite to single and few layered graphene sheets. During exfoliation, the formation of LA crystals embedded with single layered graphene sheets was observed. The process is scalable and the solvent can be recovered and reused in five subsequent cycles of exfoliation for the large scale production of graphene sheets.

Deep eutectic solvents as efficient solvent system for the extraction of κ-carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii.

Three different deep eutectic solvents (DESs) prepared by the complexation of choline chloride with urea, ethylene glycol and glycerol along with their hydrated counterparts were used for the selective extraction of κ-carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii. Upon comparison of the quality of the polysaccharide with the one obtained using water as extraction media as well as the one extracted using widely practiced conventional method, it was found that, the physicochemical as well as rheological properties of κ-carrageenan obtained using DESs as solvents was at par to the one obtained using conventional method and was superior in quality when compared to κ-carrageenan obtained using water as solvent. Considering the tedious nature of the extraction method employed in conventional extraction process, the DESs can be considered as suitable alternative solvents for the facile extraction of the polysaccharide directly from the seaweed.

Preparation of bio-deep eutectic solvent triggered cephalopod shaped silver chloride-DNA hybrid material having antibacterial and bactericidal activity.

2.5% w/w DNA (Salmon testes) was solubilized in a bio-deep eutectic solvent [(bio-DES), obtained by the complexation of choline chloride and ethylene glycol at 1:2 molar ratio] containing 1% w/w of silver chloride (AgCl) to yield a AgCl decorated DNA based hybrid material. Concentration dependent formation of AgCl crystals in the DES was observed and upon interaction with DNA it gave formation of a cephalopod shaped hybrid material.

Fundamental studies on the feasibility of deep eutectic solvents for the selective partition of glaucarubinone present in the roots of Simarouba glauca.

Several deep eutectic solvents prepared by the complexation of choline chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor and hydrogen bond donors such as urea, thiourea, ethylene glycol, and glycerol were employed to partition glaucarubinone, an antimalarial compound present in roots of the plant, Simarouba glauca. Among all the solvents, the deep eutectic solvent consisting of the mixture of choline chloride and urea the most suitable to partition the antimalarial compound from the extract selectively. Analytical tools such as high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were used for characterizations, and glaucarubinone extracted from the roots of the plant by conventional solvent extraction method was used as a reference for comparison.

Agarose based multifunctional materials: evaluation of thixotropy, self-healability and stretchability.

This paper reports a microwave assisted one pot facile synthesis of ester derivatives of agarose (Agr-GAEst) through chemical reaction of agarose (Agr) with gallic acid (GA), an organic acid found in many plants employing carbodiimide chemistry. Agr-GAEst was characterised by FT-IR, (13)C NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), DMA measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis spectrophotometry and rheometry. The native agarose was insoluble in ethylene glycol, but Agr-GAEst (obtained at an optimized molar ratio of 1: 0.

A facile approach to prepare a dual functionalized DNA based material in a bio-deep eutectic solvent.

DNA (Salmon testes) was functionalized by Fe3O4 nanoparticles and protonated layered dititanate sheets (H2·Ti2O5·H2O) in a mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol (a deep eutectic solvent) to yield a hybrid material having magnetic and antibacterial properties. Ti sheets were found to interact with the phosphate moieties, while Fe interacted with the base pair of DNA in the hybrid material.

Choline chloride-thiourea, a deep eutectic solvent for the production of chitin nanofibers.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) consisting of the mixtures of choline halide (chloride/bromide)-urea and choline chloride-thiourea were used as solvents to prepare α-chitin nanofibers (CNFs). CNFs of diameter 20-30 nm could be obtained using the DESs comprising of the mixture of choline chloride and thiourea (CCT 1:2); however, NFs could not be obtained using the DESs having urea (CCU 1:2) as hydrogen bond donor. The physicochemical properties of thus obtained NFs were compared with those obtained using a couple of imidazolium based ionic liquids namely, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate [(Bmim)HSO4] and 1-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate [(Hmim)HSO4] as well as choline based bio-ILs namely, choline hydrogen sulphate [(Chol)HSO4] and choline acrylate.

Preparation of tamarind gum based soft ion gels having thixotropic properties.

Tamarind gum was used to prepare ion gels using both synthetic ionic liquids (ILs) namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and bio-based ionic liquids (Bio-ILs) namely choline acrylate, choline caproate and choline caprylate by heating cooling process. The gels were found to have good thermal stability and exhibited thixotropic behaviour. Upon relaxation after applied breaking strain, the recovery of gel structures after ten consecutive cycles was observed.

Improved solubility of DNA in recyclable and reusable bio-based deep eutectic solvents with long-term structural and chemical stability.

The solubility of DNA in bio-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) consisting of mixtures of choline chloride with levulinic acid, glycerol, ethylene glycol, sorbitol and resorcinol was investigated. The macromolecule was found to be soluble and chemically and structurally stable in DESs consisting of mixtures containing glycerol and ethylene glycol. Furthermore recyclability of the DESs was demonstrated over three consecutive reuses in DNA dissolution.

Self-healing guar gum and guar gum-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite gels prepared in an ionic liquid.

Guar gum is a galactomannan extracted from the seed of the leguminous shrub Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It was found to form a soft viscoelastic gel in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, an ionic liquid at an optimized concentration of 10%w/v. A nanocomposite gel of the gum with enhanced strength could be prepared with 0.

Rapid dissolution of DNA in a novel bio-based ionic liquid with long-term structural and chemical stability: successful recycling of the ionic liquid for reuse in the process.

DNA from salmon testes was solubilised in two bio-based ionic liquids up to 3.5% w/w in 6 h. No structural degradation of the molecule was observed for the sample solubilised in choline-indole-3-acetate (chol-IAA).

Functional modification of agarose: a facile synthesis of a fluorescent agarose-tryptophan based hydrogel.

Microwave assisted facile synthesis of a fluorescent agarose-l-tryptophan hydrogel material employing carbodiimide chemistry (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/4-dimethylaminopyridine; DCC/DMAP) has been described. The product formed fluorescent hydrogel at 1-1.5% (w/v), exhibiting fluorescence emission in water (λmax 350 nm; 1x10(-4)M), which was significantly higher (ca.

Self-assembly of model graft copolymers of agarose and weak polyelectrolyte-based amphiphilic diblock copolymers: controlled drug release and degradation.

Polysaccharide-based copolymers are promising biomaterials due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. For potential biomedical applications the copolymer as a whole and all the degraded species must be biocompatible and easily removable from the system. In this regards, new model pH-responsive seaweed agarose (Agr) grafted with weak polyelectrolyte-based well-defined amphiphilic block copolymers ca.