[Diabetes mellitus and chronic liver diseases. Part 1: general mechanisms of etiology and pathogenesis].

In recent years there has been an active discussion about the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic liver diseases (CLD). On the one hand, patients with diabetes have an increased risk of developing CLD. On the other hand, patients with CLD very often identify abnormal glucose metabolism which ultimately leads to impaired glucose tolerance and the development of diabetes.

[Diabetes mellitus and chronic liver diseases. Literature review (part 2): treatment features].

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic liver disease (CLD) are pathological conditions associated with each other and reaching epidemic proportions. There is a strong pathogenetic relationship of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and a number of CLD. Common mechanisms that provoke metabolic and autoimmune disorders in the development of various CLD, leading to steatosis, insulin resistance (IR), impaired glucose tolerance and the development of DM are described.

The significance of maternal care for the formation of ethanol preference in rats periodically separated from mothers during the first half of the nest period.

The relationship between the process of ethanol preference formation in rat pups periodically separated from mothers during the first half of the nest period and the intensity of maternal behavior of females was studied. The progeny of females with poor maternal behavior and/or separated from mothers is characterized by slow somatic development and high level of ethanol consumption. The quality of maternal care was inessential for the formation of ethanol preference in rats separated from mothers.

[Comparative study of hazards of energy plutonium and standard Pu-239 using non stochastic effects].

In experiment with rats it was found that the "energy" Pu is more toxic than standard 239Pu when entered endotracheally. The comparison was made by the non-stochastic effects. The toxicity in respiratory system and blood system was 1.

[Modifying effect of tributylphosphate (TBP) and hexachlorbutadien (HCLB) on non-stochastic effects of inhaled Pu-239].

It has been established in experiments on rats that under combined inhalation exposure to 239Pu along with TBP and HCLB in amounts which may cause the changes in blood and immune systems the enhancing of different non-stochastic effects on the average by two times on a basis of a unit absorbed dose in comparison with isolated nuclide inhalation.

[Changes in the entropy of heart mass in dogs during inhalation of transuranic radionuclides].

Altogether 140 random-bred dogs of both sexes, aged 2 to 4 (body mass 14.5 +/- 0.1 kg) were examined.

[The effective and ineffective levels of the joint action of 239Pu and gamma radiation according to the change in the ECG indices of dogs].

Effective and ineffective levels of the isolated and combined action of inhaled 239Pu and external gamma radiation on dogs were estimated by some changes in the ECG. Specific share of each factor in the combined effect and the quality coefficient of 239Pu were estimated by two criteria of changes in the ECG. The data were extrapolated to man by the most reliable criterion, that is, the decrease in the ECG voltage indicated by the sum of R I, II, III waves.

[Effective and non-effective levels of the inhalation action of transuranium radionuclides estimated by changes in the parameters of cardiac mass in dogs].

Effective and noneffective levels of inhalation of 239Pu and 241Am transuranium radionuclides were estimated by changes in heart mass parameters of 143 mongrel dogs.

[Effect of lowered relative humidity of the air on the accumulation of plutonium-239 in the body and its biological effectiveness].

The experiments on rats show that the 4-month elevated air dryness has no impact on body accumulation of 239Pu but causes more distinct forms of bronchitis and interstitial pneumonia combined with the strain in medullary hemopoiesis and reactivity intensification of pulmonary and B-system immunity. Under prolonged effect of both factors a breakdown in fully adequate immune response can occur.

[Quantitative assessment of inhalation exposure to various transuranium radionuclide compounds by integral nonstochastic criteria].

The comparison of the danger from inhalation of radionuclide transuranium compounds differently transferred within the body was made by the results of an examination of 169 mongrel dogs and 2000 Wistar rats. Effective and ineffective levels of the radionuclide inhaled were determined by integral nonstochastic criteria, that is, 50 per cent death rate, shortening and increase of the average life and reduction of body mass.

[Effect of external gamma radiation on shortening the life expectancy and rates of the formation of absorbed doses from incorporated 239Pu in dogs].

External gamma irradiation of dogs with doses of 103.2 and 51.6 mC/kg combined with the effect of inhaled plutonium-239 accelerates the formation of absorbed doses in secondary organs of the radionuclide deposition by 41.

[Quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of exposure of the joints to 239Pu and tributyl phosphate by the degree of leukopenia in rats].

The efficiency of the combined effect of 239Pu and tributyl phosphate was estimated by the severity of leucopenia in Wistar rats using the regression method and comparing the value of the actual change with the expected one. It was shown that the additive effect of the two agents delivered simultaneously was only exceeded when their doses were the largest that is, approximate the acute levels. With levels ranging from subacute effective to minimum effective ones the additivity diminished.

[Morphologic manifestations of early and late consequences of inhalation damage from 241Am to dogs].

In experiments on 56 mongrel dogs of both sexes it was shown that the severity of 241Am-induced injury to dogs was manifested by purulent and fibrous pneumonia combined with pneumosclerosis (acute damage), liver cirrhosis and pneumosclerosis (subacute damage), and malignant tumors in the skeleton, lungs, liver, and thyroid gland, and pneumosclerosis (chronic injury).

[Absorbed doses and hematological shifts in dogs inhaling submicron 239Pu dioxide].

In dogs breathing submicron 239Pu dioxide, the absorbed doses were determined in 12 organs and tissues where the radionuclide was deposited; the integral doses to a whole body were also determined by the sum of the exposed organs. The relationship of the hematologic changes not only with the doses for "critical" tissues but also with the integral dose was studied.

[Changes in hemodynamics and ECG in dogs following whole-body external gamma-irradiation].

Experiments were made on dogs of both sexes aged 2 to 4 with the body mass of 15.3 +/- +/- 1.1 kg.

[Changes in the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi in dogs based on bronchoscopic data for the combined action of 239Pu and gamma-radiation as compared with the individual actions].

It was established that under conditions of combined exposure of dogs to external gamma- and internal alpha-radiation, a preirradiation with 51.6 mC/kg gamma-rays prevents the development of the signs of endobronchitis which are typical for endobronchitis induced by inhalation of submicron 239Pu dioxide and manifested by hyperemia of trachea and bronchus mucosa, edema, and the presence of mucopurulent exudate.

[Comparative assessment of the danger of inhaling 239Pu and 241Am based on the degree of leukopenia in dogs].

From the analysis of the results of examination of 96 dogs it is concluded that the estimate of a relative danger of breathing transuranium radionuclides with different metabolism rates (polymeric 239Pu and monomeric 241Am), according to degree of leukopenia is more reliable when it is compared with a mean weighed dose per whole organism than the dose per individual "critical" organ.

[Hemodynamics and the parameters of the heart mass in the dog after inhalation of submicron 239Pu dioxide].

The growth of the right heart mass was mainly registered in dogs after inhalation of different quantities of 239Pu submicron dioxide. This was correlated with the value of 239Pu deposited in the lungs and associated with the systemic hemodynamic disorders.

[Degree of damage to dogs from a combination of external gamma-radiation and inhalation of submicron 239Pu dioxide evaluated by integral indices].

The possibility of quantitation of the organism affection by the combined effect of external gamma-irradiation (103.2 and 51.6 mC/kg) and succeeding inhalation of different amounts of 239Pu submicron dioxide was shown on 55 mongrel dogs using the following criteria: the rate of extracellular fluid accretion and the body weight loss.