Cerebral Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage due to Implantation of Electrodes for Deep Brain Stimulation: Insights from a Large Single-Center Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage due to electrode implantation (CIPHEI) is a rare but serious complication of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. This study retrospectively investigated a large single-center cohort of DBS implantations to calculate the frequency of CIPHEI and identify patient- and procedure-related risk factors for CIPHEI and their potential interactions. We analyzed all DBS implantations between January 2013 and December 2021 in a generalized linear model for binomial responses using bias reduction to account for sparse sampling of CIPHEIs.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment remains highly prevalent and disabling despite state-of-the-art stroke treatment.

Background: State-of-the-art stroke treatment significantly reduces lesion size and stroke severity, but it remains unclear whether these therapeutic advances have diminished the burden of post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI).

Aims: In a cohort of patients receiving modern state-of-the-art stroke care including endovascular therapy, we assessed the frequency of PSCI and the pattern of domain-specific cognitive deficits, identified risk factors for PSCI, and determined the impact of acute PSCI on stroke outcome.

Methods: In this prospective monocentric cohort study, we examined patients with first-ever anterior circulation ischemic stroke without pre-stroke cognitive decline, using a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment ⩽10 days after symptom onset.

The German version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (D-OCS): Normative data and validation in acute stroke and a mixed neurological sample.

Given the frequency of stroke worldwide, tools for neuropsychological assessment of patients with acute stroke are needed to identify cognitive impairments, guide rehabilitation efforts and allow for a prognosis of outcome. However, requirements for assessment tools for acute cognitive deficits differ substantially from tests for chronic neuropsychological impairments and screening tools for suspected dementia. The Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS) has been developed as a quick to administer neurocognitive screening for acute neurological patients providing information on various cognitive domains.

Speaking in gestures: Left dorsal and ventral frontotemporal brain systems underlie communication in conducting.

Conducting constitutes a well-structured system of signs anticipating information concerning the rhythm and dynamic of a musical piece. Conductors communicate the musical tempo to the orchestra, unifying the individual instrumental voices to form an expressive musical Gestalt. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, 12 professional conductors and 16 instrumentalists conducted real-time novel pieces with diverse complexity in orchestration and rhythm.

The left prefrontal cortex determines relevance at encoding and governs episodic memory formation.

The role hemispheric lateralization in the prefrontal cortex plays for episodic memory formation in general, and for emotionally valenced information in particular, is debated. In a randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled design, healthy young participants (n = 254) performed 2 runs of encoding to categorize the perceptual, semantic, or emotionally valenced (positive or negative) features of words followed by a free recall and a recognition task. To resolve competing hypotheses about the contribution of each hemisphere, we modulated left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity using transcranial direct current stimulation during encoding (1 mA, 20 min).

Fully automated detection of focal cortical dysplasia: Comparison of MPRAGE and MP2RAGE sequences.

Objective: The detection of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) in magnetic resonance imaging is challenging. Voxel-based morphometric analysis and automated FCD detection using an artificial neural network (ANN) integrated into the Morphometric Analysis Program (MAP18) have been shown to facilitate FCD detection. This study aimed to evaluate whether the detection of FCD can be further improved by feeding this approach with magnetization prepared two rapid acquisition gradient echoes (MP2RAGE) instead of magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE) datasets.

"Within a minute" detection of focal cortical dysplasia.

Purpose: To evaluate a MRI postprocessing tool for the enhanced and rapid detection of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD).

Methods: MP2RAGE sequences of 40 consecutive, so far MRI-negative patients and of 32 healthy controls were morphometrically analyzed to highlight typical FCD features. The resulting morphometric maps served as input for an artificial neural network generating a FCD probability map.

Hippocampus-Avoidance Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy Is Efficient in the Long-Term Preservation of Hippocampal Volume.

Background And Purpose: With improved life expectancy, preventing neurocognitive decline after cerebral radiotherapy is gaining more importance. Hippocampal damage has been considered the main culprit for cognitive deficits following conventional whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT). Here, we aimed to determine to which extent hippocampus-avoidance WBRT (HA-WBRT) can prevent hippocampal atrophy compared to conventional WBRT.

Prefrontal and striatal dopamine D/D receptors correlate with fMRI BOLD activation during stopping.

D-like dopamine receptors in animals and humans have been shown to be linked to impulsive behaviors that are highly relevant for several psychiatric disorders. Here, we investigate the relationship between the fronto-striatal D/D dopamine receptor availability and response inhibition in a selected population of healthy OPRM1 G-allele carriers. Twenty-two participants successively underwent blood-oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a stop-signal task and a separate positron emission tomography (PET) scan.

Anatomical correlates of recovery in apraxia: A longitudinal lesion-mapping study in stroke patients.

Objective: This study investigates the clinical course of recovery of apraxia after left-hemisphere stroke and the underlying neuroanatomical correlates for persisting or recovering deficits in relation to the major processing streams in the network for motor cognition.

Methods: 90 patients were examined during the acute (4.74 ± 2.

A detailed analysis of anatomical plausibility of crossed and uncrossed streamline rendition of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRT(T)) in a commercial stereotactic planning system.

Background: An increasing number of neurosurgeons use display of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRT) based on diffusion weighted imaging (dMRI) as basis for their routine planning of stimulation or lesioning approaches in stereotactic tremor surgery. An evaluation of the anatomical validity of the display of the DRT with respect to modern stereotactic planning systems and across different tracking environments has not been performed.

Methods: Distinct dMRI and anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of high and low quality from 9 subjects were used.

The extreme capsule and aphasia: proof-of-concept of a new way relating structure to neurological symptoms.

We present anatomy-based symptom-lesion mapping to assess the association between lesions of tracts in the extreme capsule and aphasia. The study cohort consisted of 123 patients with acute left-hemispheric stroke without a lesion of language-related cortical areas of the Stanford atlas of functional regions of interest. On templates generated through global fibre tractography, lesions of the extreme capsule and of the arcuate fascicle were quantified and correlated with the occurrence of aphasia ( =18) as defined by the Token Test.

SPECTRE-A novel dMRI visualization technique for the display of cerebral connectivity.

The visualization of diffusion MRI related properties in a comprehensive way is still a challenging problem. We propose a simple visualization technique to give neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons a more direct and personalized view of relevant connectivity patterns estimated from clinically feasible diffusion MRI. The approach, named SPECTRE (Subject sPEcific brain Connectivity display in the Target REgion), is based on tract-weighted imaging, where diffusion MRI streamlines are used to aggregate information from a different MRI contrast.

Interaction between cognitive reserve and age moderates effect of lesion load on stroke outcome.

The concepts of brain reserve and cognitive reserve were recently suggested as valuable predictors of stroke outcome. To test this hypothesis, we used age, years of education and lesion size as clinically feasible coarse proxies of brain reserve, cognitive reserve, and the extent of stroke pathology correspondingly. Linear and logistic regression models were used to predict cognitive outcome (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and stroke-induced impairment and disability (NIH Stroke Scale; modified Rankin Score) in a sample of 104 chronic stroke patients carefully controlled for potential confounds.

The rostro-caudal gradient in the prefrontal cortex and its modulation by subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) alleviates motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) but also affects the prefrontal cortex (PFC), potentially leading to cognitive side effects. The present study tested alterations within the rostro-caudal hierarchy of neural processing in the PFC induced by STN-DBS in PD. Granger-causality analyses of fast functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measurements were used to infer directed functional connectivity from intrinsic PFC activity in 24 PD patients treated with STN-DBS.

Robust intra-individual estimation of structural connectivity by Principal Component Analysis.

Fiber tractography based on diffusion-weighted MRI provides a non-invasive characterization of the structural connectivity of the human brain at the macroscopic level. Quantification of structural connectivity strength is challenging and mainly reduced to "streamline counting" methods. These are however highly dependent on the topology of the connectome and the particular specifications for seeding and filtering, which limits their intra-subject reproducibility across repeated measurements and, in consequence, also confines their validity.

The correlation between apraxia and neglect in the right hemisphere: A voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study in 138 acute stroke patients.

Apraxia is frequently described after left hemisphere stroke and results from lesions to a complex network for motor cognition with dorso-dorsal, ventro-dorsal and ventral processing streams. Apraxia also occurs after right hemisphere stroke, but lesion correlates and underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. To clarify the role of the right hemisphere in apraxic deficits and the influence of neglect, we prospectively examined apraxia (imitation of meaningless postures and pantomime of tool use) and neglect in 138 acute right hemisphere stroke patients with first-ever ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory and identified corresponding lesion correlates using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping.

Accuracy and practical aspects of semi- and fully automatic segmentation methods for resected brain areas.

Purpose: Precise segmentation of brain lesions is essential for neurological research. Specifically, resection volume estimates can aid in the assessment of residual postoperative tissue, e.g.

Dissociation of visual extinction and neglect in the left hemisphere.

Visual neglect and extinction are two distinct visuospatial attention deficits that frequently occur after right hemisphere cerebral stroke. However, their different lesion profiles remain a matter of debate. In the left hemisphere, a domain-general dual-loop model with distinct computational abilities onto which several cognitive functions may project, has been proposed: a dorsal stream for sensori-motor mapping in time and space and a ventral stream for comprehension and representation of concepts.

Morphometric MRI Analysis: Improved Detection of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Using the MP2RAGE Sequence.

Background And Purpose: Focal cortical dysplasias are the most common resected epileptogenic lesions in children and the third most common lesion in adults, but they are often subtle and frequently overlooked on MR imaging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether MP2RAGE-based morphometric MR imaging analysis is superior to MPRAGE-based analysis in the detection of focal cortical dysplasia.

Materials And Methods: MPRAGE and MP2RAGE datasets were acquired in a consecutive series of 640 patients with epilepsy.

Effects of hippocampus-sparing resections in the temporal lobe: Hippocampal atrophy is associated with a decline in memory performance.

Objective: In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with a nonlesional and nonepileptogenic hippocampus (HC), in order to preserve functionally intact brain tissue, the HC is not resected. However, some patients experience postoperative memory decline, possibly due to disruption of the extrahippocampal memory network and secondary hippocampal volume (HV) loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of hippocampal atrophy ipsilateral and contralateral to the side of the surgery and its relation to memory outcomes.

Dynamics of language reorganization after left temporo-parietal and frontal stroke.

The loss and recovery of language functions are still incompletely understood. This longitudinal functional MRI study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying language recovery in patients with post-stroke aphasia putting particular emphasis on the impact of lesion site. To identify patterns of language-related activation, an auditory functional MRI sentence comprehension paradigm was administered to patients with circumscribed lesions of either left frontal (n = 17) or temporo-parietal (n = 17) cortex.

Tractographic description of major subcortical projection pathways passing the anterior limb of the internal capsule. Corticopetal organization of networks relevant for psychiatric disorders.

Background: Major depression (MD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are psychiatric diseases with a huge impact on individual well-being. Despite optimal treatment regiments a subgroup of patients remains treatment resistant and stereotactic surgery (stereotactic lesion surgery, SLS or Deep Brain Stimulation, DBS) might be an option. Recent research has described four networks related to MD and OCD (affect, reward, cognitive control, default network) but only on a cortical and the adjacent sub-cortical level.

The impact of physiological noise on hemodynamic-derived estimates of directed functional connectivity.

Measuring the strength of directed functional interactions between brain regions is fundamental to understand neural networks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a suitable method to map directed interactions between brain regions but is based on the neurovascular coupling. It, thus, relies on vasomotor reactivity and is potentially biased by non-neural physiological noise.

Determinants of Inter-Individual Variability in Corticomotor Excitability Induced by Paired Associative Stimulation.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a well-established tool in probing cortical plasticity . Changes in corticomotor excitability can be induced using paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocol, in which TMS over the primary motor cortex is conditioned with an electrical peripheral nerve stimulation of the contralateral hand. PAS with an inter-stimulus interval of 25 ms induces long-term potentiation (LTP)-like effects in cortical excitability.