Non-Markovian dynamics of an open quantum system with nonstationary coupling.

The spectral, dissipative, and statistical properties of the damped quantum oscillator are studied in the case of non-Markovian and nonstationary system-heat bath coupling. The dissipation of collective energy is shown to be slowed down, and the decoherence rate and entropy grow with modulation frequency.

Influence of external magnetic field on dynamics of open quantum systems.

The influence of an external magnetic field on the non-Markovian dynamics of an open two-dimensional quantum system is investigated. The fluctuations of collective coordinate and momentum and transport coefficients are studied for a charged harmonic oscillator linearly coupled to a neutral bosonic heat bath. It is shown that the dissipation of collective energy slows down with increasing strength of the external magnetic field.

Transport coefficients of a quantum system interacting with a squeezed heat bath.

The analytical expressions for the time-dependent friction and diffusion coefficients are presented for the case of coupling in coordinates between the collective subsystem and a squeezed heat bath. The effects of initial phase-sensitive and -insensitive correlations of the heat bath on the diffusion coefficients, fluctuations, and decoherence are studied. The interplay between friction and decoherence is discussed.

[Development of a basic ration out of commercial foods for nutrition in ground-based simulation experiments].

Food rations composed of canned products were given the physiological and hygienic evaluation in the context of their fitness for human volunteers in experiments with head-down bedrest in isolation and confinement. As a result, the food rations were proven to contain the desired quantities of nutrients. Evaluation of food fitness for human subjects was made based on the data of clinical-physiological and biochemical investigations.

[Nutrition of crews of long-term missions on the International Space Station].

The integrated Russian-US rations consumed by seven crews of the ISS long-term missions were subjected to hygienic and sufficiency evaluation. The rations were found to contain the necessary quantities of all nutrients. As concluded from the analysis of anthropometrical, physiological and biochemical investigations performed in flight, they supported crew energy and plasticity needs and were a contributing factor in the high level of performance.

[Ways of creating a nutrition system for a Martian expedition crew].

Approaches to a more perfect system of food supply to a Martian crew have been outlined in view of the experience of providing food stuffs for orbiting crews. Considering the extended period of the autonomous interplanetary voyage during which the humans should stay healthy and effective, development of especially lavish menu and methods to maintain food quality throughout the mission become critical. These are the two conditions to be met in order to provide the crew with balanced diets and fully satisfy needs of their organism.

[Development of special food products for cosmonaut's nutrition during extravehicular activities].

On the analysis of the factual energy expenditure by cosmonauts during extravehicular activities two choices of special rations (SR) were developed. Hygienic testing showed that all nutritional components in these SRs were present in optimal quantities. Consumption of the SR foods during any basic meal will not misbalance the latter but satisfy the body demand of the main indispensable nutritional factors.

[Optimization of cosmonauts' nutrition during the period of acute adaptation and at the closing stage of the mission].

During 22 prime expeditions onboard orbital station "Mir" there obtained material allowing one to assess the nutritional status of cosmonauts in a period of acute adaptation and in the closing stage of mission. There formulated the food rations and additional assortments of food for the mentioned stages of mission. It is found that in the formulated food rations and in the additional assortments of the food there contain the optimal amount of indispensable food ingredients the use of which will allow one to realize the measures for normalizing the life activity and maintaining the adequate level of working capacity of the cosmonauts.

[Hygienic evaluation of food rations in the experiments with long-term isolation].

Hygienic evaluation of formulated food rations has been performed during 2 long-term studies (135 and 90 days) with participation of 6 male volunteers. The food rations provided for the energy and plastic demands of crewmembers, promoted the maintenance of working capacity and allowed to perform successfully the program of studies.

[The possibility of using the alimentary means to correct metabolism in man under stress].

In two studies in which 12 test subjects participated there has been investigated the possibility for alimentary correction of some metabolic changes developing in man as a result of different stress effects. It is indicated that the ration supplemented by alimentary means (phosphatic concentrate, vitamins, glucose, some mineral elements) produced corrective action on the studied parameters of the lipid and protein metabolism.

[Effects of increased doses of ultraviolet radiation on several parameters of human metabolism].

Three experimental series, in which 20 test subjects took part, were carried out to investigate the effect of super-erythemic doses of ultraviolet irradiation on metabolic parameters. It was found that UV irradiation of 12-15% of the skin area led not only to skin changes but also to functional changes in certain organs and systems, which was indicated by variations of metabolic parameters.

[Feeding of the crew of the Saliut-7 orbital station].

This paper presents physiological and hygienic evaluations of the food supply of Salyut-7 crews in normal conditions, simulation and actual flights of various duration (211, 150, 237, 165 and 126 days). The examinations have shown that the diets used have provided satisfactory health conditions and good nutritional status of the crewmembers.

[Reactions of the human body to chemical substances in an enclosed environment].

The purpose of the study was to investigate adaptive responses of the human body to chemicals of anthropogenic origin in an enclosed environment. The object of the study was ammonia, a typical metabolite and a permanent contaminant of a enclosed atmosphere. The study consisted of a prolonged and continuous exposure to ammonia at a concentration of 2.

[Nutritional corrections of histamine and serotonin levels in exposure to hypokinesia and neuro-emotional stress].

The content of histamine and serotonin was measured in test subjects exposed to: I experimental series--bed rest at an angle of +6, -2 or -6 degrees; II experimental series--neuro-emotional stress, III experimental series--an increased concentration of ammonium in the enclosure. The exposure to the factors that simulated space flight effects (i. e.

[Features of humoral regulation of metabolism during modelling of space flight factors].

Hormonal regulation of metabolism was investigated in test subjects of three age groups: group 1 included test subjects of 41-50 years old, group 2 test subjects of 50-57 years old, and group 3 test subjects of 26-33 years old. Test subjects from groups 1 and 2 were exposed to head down tilt (-8 degrees) as well as linear acceleration of 3 GZ for 1 min and exercises of 450-1050 kgm before and after the tilt test. Group 3 test subjects were exposed to neuro-emotional stress before, during and after the head-down test.

[Effect of an increased content of ammonia in the atmosphere of a hermetic chamber on the functional state of the adrenocortical system in man].

The effect of various ammonia concentrations in an enclosed atmosphere on man's adrenocortical system was investigated in five experiments on 20 young healthy test subjects. The most pronounced changes in the adrenocortical system developed when the ammonia content was 5 mg/m3.

[Enzymes of energy metabolism in modeling of various factors of space flight].

The content of lactate dehydrogenase, amino transferases and creatine kinase was measured in the test subjects of three age groups (41-50, 50-57, and 26-33 years) exposed to head-down tilt, linear acceleration, exercise, and emotional stress. The enzyme activity increased in response to head-down tilt, acceleration and exercise. The enzyme content normalized under the influence of selected nutrients.

[Crew nutrition on the Saliut-6 orbital station].

The space diets used in flight of five permanent Salyut-6 crews were instrumental in assuring their adequate nutritional status and work capacity required to fulfill flight programs. Some of them complained that sterile canned foods became distasteful; due to this, a space diet consisting of 65% freeze-dried foodstuffs was developed and tested.

[Effect of hypokinesia on human nutritional status].

In three series of experiments of 120, 49 and 180 days in duration 36 test subjects were exposed to clinostatic and antiorthostatic hypokinesia. Human requirements for various nutrients were defined under hypokinetic conditions. It was demonstrated that during bed rest exercises together with adequate nutrition and after bed rest certain nutrients can serve as efficient countermeasures against metabolic changes.

[Crew nutrition of the 3 base expeditions of the Saliut-6 orbital station].

The paper describes the use of advanced space diets of three prime crews who made 96-, 140- and 175-day flights aboard Salyut-6. It is concluded that the diets facilitated maintenance of a good nutrient status, high work capacity and normal health condition.

[Potential use of nutrients for correcting the adrenocortical system].

Two 60-day studies in which 10 healthy volunteers participated were carried out. In both studies stress situations were simulated by a chamber rise to an altitude of 8000 m, anticipation of exposure to acceleration, and psychological tests. The changes found were dependent on both the type of the stressor applied and duration of the exposure.

[Human histamine and serotonin levels during neuro-emotional stress].

Levels of histamine and serotonin in blood of test subjects kept on a Salyut space diet were measured during their simulated rise to an altitude of 8,000 m, anticipation of an exposure to acceleration, and mental work. During simulated rise the level of histamine increased and histaminopectic activity of serum decreased. During anticipation of centrifugation the serotonin concentration grew.

[Effect of factors simulating space flight on the content of free and protein-bound forms of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in the blood plasma].

The effect of spaceflight simulation factors (ascent to an altitude of 8,000 m, anticipation of centrifugation, psychological test, hypokinesia, and enclosure in an altitude chamber) on the content of free and protein-bound 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in plasma was studied. This exposure produced changes in the total and fractional content of the hormones. The changes depended on the simulation factor, duration of its action, and functional status of test subjects.