Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Detect no Morphological Differences Between Culture-Positive and Culture-Negative Infectious Keratitis Images.

Purpose: To determine whether convolutional neural networks can detect morphological differences between images of microbiologically positive and negative corneal ulcers.

Methods: A cross-sectional comparison of prospectively collected data consisting of bacterial and fungal cultures and smears from eyes with acute infectious keratitis at Aravind Eye Hospital. Two convolutional neural network architectures (DenseNet and MobileNet) were trained using images obtained from handheld cameras collected from culture-positive and negative images and smear-positive and -negative images.

Capillary density and caliber as assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography may be significant predictors of diabetic retinopathy severity.

Purpose: To validate retinal capillary density and caliber associations with diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity in different clinical settings.

Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed retinal capillary density and caliber in the superficial retinal layer of 3-mm OCTA scans centered on the fovea. Images were collected from non-diabetic controls and subjects with mild or referable DR (defined DR worse than mild DR) between February 2016 and December 2019 at secondary and tertiary eye care centers.

Trends in Radiation Practices for Female Ocular Oncologists in North America: A Collaborative Study of the International Society of Ocular Oncology.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the known radiation exposure, attitudes, and consequent risk modifications among female ocular oncologists in North America who routinely administer radioactive plaque brachytherapy treatment and are members of the International Society of Ocular Oncology.

Methods: Nineteen female ocular oncologists completed an anonymous 17-question radiation exposure survey.

Results: Eleven of the participants chose to routinely wear lead protection during surgery; 8 did not.

Optical Coherence Tomography of the Retinal Ganglion Cell Complex in Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and Dominant Optic Atrophy.

: Mitochondrial optic neuropathies such as Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA) have been shown to produce an optic neuropathy secondary to retinal ganglion cell loss with thinning of the retinal ganglion cell complex (RGCC). : We performed a retrospective analysis assessing the thicknesses of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) along with the macular retinal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (RGC-IPL) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). We compared these changes among acute and chronic LHON, DOA, and normal healthy control patients.

Metastases and death rates after primary enucleation of unilateral retinoblastoma in the USA 2007-2017.

Background/aims: Enucleation for retinoblastoma is performed less often in the past decade due to increasingly widespread alternative therapies, but enucleation remains an important option. There is a paucity of reports on the current incidence of metastases and metastatic deaths in unilateral retinoblastoma from US centres.

Methods: Retrospective chart review at five tertiary retinoblastoma centres in the USA for unilateral retinoblastoma patients treated with primary enucleation, 2007-2017, with 1 year of follow-up or treatment failure.

Lurking below: massive choroidal invasion under a calcified tumor after attempted conservative therapy for retinoblastoma.

Background: In the conservative management of retinoblastoma, detection of tumor activity beneath large, calcified tumors presents a challenging aspect of care as local consolidation is limited in this area. Routine imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging, B-scan ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography, are also limited in providing appropriate surveillance for recurrent disease.

Materials And Methods: Medical records were reviewed to evaluate patients' demographic data, ophthalmic exams, imaging studies, and histopathologic reports.

Toxic medications in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited mitochondrial disorder characterized by acute bilateral vision loss. The pathophysiology involves reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be affected by medications. This article reviews the evidence for medications with demonstrated and theoretical effects on mitochondrial function, specifically in relation to increased ROS production.

Loss of fundus view as an indication for secondary enucleation in retinoblastoma.

In this retrospective study, we evaluated loss of fundus view as an indication for secondary enucleation and associated histopathologic findings. Of 64 secondarily enucleated eyes, 24 were enucleated for loss of fundus view. Average time from loss of fundus view to enucleation was 4.

Surgically Induced Focal Retinal Detachment Does Not Cause Detectable SD-OCT Retinal Changes in Normal Human Retina.

Purpose: Induction of focal retinal detachment (RD) for subretinal delivery of stem cells and gene therapy is increasingly common. In order to determine if this procedure has an adverse impact on the retina, we use spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to evaluate the pre- and postoperative retinal anatomy of the incidentally detached normal retina surrounding large submacular hemorrhages (SMH) during surgical displacement procedures.

Methods: Retrospective, observational study of human subjects with monocular SMH evaluated before and after surgical displacement using clinical exam, fundus photography, and SD-OCT.

Risk of metastasis and orbital recurrence in advanced retinoblastoma eyes treated with systemic chemoreduction versus primary enucleation.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of metastatic disease and orbital recurrence in advanced retinoblastoma treated with systemic chemoreduction versus primary enucleation.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients with Group D/E retinoblastoma was conducted with data collection from 1995 to 2015. Overall, 345 eyes (294 patients) were included (165 Group D and 180 Group E).

A pediatric residency research requirement to improve collaborative resident and faculty publication productivity.

Involvement in a research project can teach training physicians about the scientific process involved in medicine. For this reason, the University of Hawai'i pediatrics department developed a Residency Research Requirement and Program (RRRP) in 2001. We studied a 14-year time period before and after the RRRP was initiated, and found a greater then ten-fold increase in resident publications and faculty involvement in these projects.