Vaccines in Brazil: historical analysis of the Sanitary registration and vaccine availability in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Given the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of public social protection policies, health issues, including immunizations, have gained prominence. This paper aims to analyze the dynamics of vaccine registration in Brazil and the vaccines made available through the National Immunization Program (PNI in Portuguese), with emphasis on the 2004-2018 vaccination schedule. This descriptive, exploratory, documentary research analyzed vaccine registration procedureswith the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA, in Portuguese) and the incorporation of vaccine products into the PNI.

Probucol affords neuroprotection in a 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Although the etiology of the majority of human PD cases is unknown, experimental evidence points to oxidative stress as an early and causal event. Probucol is a lipid-lowering phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that has been recently reported as protective in neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration models.

Probucol, a lipid-lowering drug, prevents cognitive and hippocampal synaptic impairments induced by amyloid β peptide in mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by synaptic loss and cognitive impairments. The presence of extracellular senile plaques (mainly composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide) is an important molecular hallmark in AD and neuronal damage has been attributed, at least in part, to Aβ-mediated toxicity. Although the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AD are not yet completely understood, several lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress and cholesterol dyshomeostasis play crucial roles in mediating the synaptic loss and cognitive deficits observed in AD patients.

Evidence that LPS-reactive arthritis in rats depends on the glial activity and the fractalkine-TNF-α signaling in the spinal cord.

It is known that primary afferent central terminal sensitization can influence peripheral inflammation, however, it remains to be understood whether spinal cord glia can also contribute to this process. Our aim was to investigate the effect of spinal cord glia inhibition on the pathogenesis of LPS-induced knee-joint monoarthritis in rats and also to investigate the role of fractalkine and TNF-α. LPS was injected into the knee-joint previously primed with carrageenan to cause articular incapacitation, edema, synovial leukocyte infiltration, and GFAP and CD11b/c spinal immunoreactivity (glia-IR) increase.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects rat brain mitochondria against cadmium-induced damage.

Many health claims have been made about the medicinal benefits of drinking green tea, including neuroprotection. This study mainly focuses on Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), a potent antioxidant, which is abundantly found in green tea. Cadmium [Cd(2+)] is a toxic pollutant that leads to neurotoxicity in both animals and humans.

Effects of K074 and pralidoxime on antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase response in malathion-poisoned mice.

The organophosphorus (OP) pesticide malathion is a highly neurotoxic compound and its toxicity is primarily caused by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to cholinergic syndrome. Although oximes have been used as potential antidotal treatments in malathion poisoning because of their potential capability to reactivate the inhibited enzyme, the clinical experience with the clinically available oximes (e.g.