Functional and Numerical Responses of (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Their Potential for Biological Control.

The water lily aphid () is a highly polyphagous herbivore that causes severe damage to many terrestrial and aquatic plants, especially lotus. Due to environmental concerns about water pollution and other issues caused by chemical control methods, there is an urgent need to develop effective and sustainable control methods. The harlequin ladybird () is a well-known aphid predator and may pose a potential threat to .