Voice Navigation Created by VIP Improves Spatial Performance in People with Impaired Vision.

The difficulty associated with spatial navigation is one of the main obstacles to independent living for visually impaired people. With a lack of visual feedback, visually impaired people must identify information from the external environment through other sense organs. This study employed an observational survey to assess voice navigation version A, created by visually impaired people, and voice navigation version B, created by non-visually impaired people.

Narrow-band imaging of laryngeal images and endoscopically proven reflux esophagitis.

Objective: To compare the difference between white light (WL) and narrow-band imaging (NBI) endoscopy in evaluating patients who had reflux laryngitis and esophagitis.

Study Design: Retrospective review of medical records and endoscopic images.

Setting: Outpatient clinic.