Elimination profile of low-dose chlortalidone and its detection in hair for doping analysis-Implication for unintentional non-therapeutic exposure.

Chlortalidone (CLT) is a thiazide-type diuretic with high affinity for the erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. Therapeutically, it is mostly used to treat edema and hypertension due to liver cirrhosis, heart insufficiency, or renal dysfunction. Although diuretics and masking agents are prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) at all times in sports, substances belonging to this category are constantly detected in athlete samples, according to WADA's annual testing figures.

An oral load of the early glycation compound lactuloselysine fails to accumulate in the serum of uraemic patients.

Background: It has been hypothesized that in renal failure, exogenous glycation compounds from food accumulate and play a major pathogenetic role when renal excretion is impaired.

Methods: To address this, a diet containing a defined amount of the lysine Amadori product (AP) lactuloselysine was used. Plasma concentrations and cumulative urinary excretion of AP were assessed in 16 healthy subjects, 12 renal failure patients and 6 continuous ambulatory peitoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients.

Glucose degradation products in PD fluids: do they disappear from the peritoneal cavity and enter the systemic circulation?

Background: Glucose degradation products (GDP) are generated in peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid during heat sterilization and storage. They are thought to adversely affect the peritoneal membrane. The fate of GDP within the peritoneal cavity has not been well characterized.