Use of Swedish smokeless tobacco during pregnancy: A systematic review of pregnancy and early life health risk.

Background And Aims: Smokeless tobacco is a heterogeneous product group with diverse composition and prevalence globally. Tobacco use during pregnancy is concerning due to the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and effects on child health. Nicotine may mediate several of these effects.

Maternal food-avoidance diets and dietary supplements during breastfeeding.

Aims: To identify maternal food-avoidance diets and dietary supplement use during breastfeeding, and to explore factors associated with food avoidance diets.

Design: A prospective mother-child birth cohort study.

Methods: Electronic questionnaires were answered by 1,462 breastfeeding mothers 6 months postpartum in the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) study from 2014-2016.

Diagnosis and management of allergy and respiratory disorders in sport: An EAACI task force position paper.

Allergy and respiratory disorders are common in young athletic individuals. In the context of elite sport, it is essential to secure an accurate diagnosis in order to optimize health and performance. It is also important, however, to consider the potential impact or consequences of these disorders, in recreationally active individuals engaging in structured exercise and/or physical activity to maintain health and well-being across the lifespan.

Early food intervention and skin emollients to prevent food allergy in young children (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial.

Background: Primary prevention of food allergy by early introduction of allergenic foods seems promising. We aimed to determine whether early food introduction or the application of regular skin emollients in infants from a general population reduced the risk of food allergy.

Methods: This 2 × 2 factorial, cluster-randomised trial was done at Oslo University Hospital and Østfold Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

Extract and molecular-based early infant sensitization and associated factors-A PreventADALL study.

Background: More knowledge about sensitization patterns in early infancy, including impact of molecular allergology, is needed to help predict future allergy development more accurately.

Objective: We aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of allergic sensitization at 3 months of age, and explore possible associated factors.

Methods: From the Scandinavian antenatally recruited PreventADALL mother-child cohort, we included 1110 3-month infants with available serum.

Physical activity in pregnancy: a Norwegian-Swedish mother-child birth cohort study.

Background: Physical activity during pregnancy is important for maternal and offspring health. Optimal conditions during pregnancy may help reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases. National and international guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of physical activity of at least moderate intensity per week.

Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria.

The nutritional drivers for mother-child sharing of bacteria and the corresponding longitudinal trajectory of the infant gut microbiota development are not yet completely settled. We therefore aimed to characterize the mother-child sharing and the inferred nutritional utilization potential for the gut microbiota from a large unselected cohort. We analyzed in depth gut microbiota in 100 mother-child pairs enrolled antenatally from the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) cohort.

Shared DNA methylation signatures in childhood allergy: The MeDALL study.

Background: Differential DNA methylation associated with allergy might provide novel insights into the shared or unique etiology of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema.

Objective: We sought to identify DNA methylation profiles associated with childhood allergy.

Methods: Within the European Mechanisms of the Development of Allergy (MeDALL) consortium, we performed an epigenome-wide association study of whole blood DNA methylation by using a cross-sectional design.

Butyrate Levels in the Transition from an Infant- to an Adult-Like Gut Microbiota Correlate with Bacterial Networks Associated with and .

Relatively little is known about the ecological forces shaping the gut microbiota composition during infancy. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify the nutrient utilization- and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production potential of gut microbes in infants during the first year of life. Stool samples were obtained from mothers at 18 weeks of pregnancy and from infants at birth (first stool) at 3, 6, and 12-months of age from the general population-based PreventADALL cohort.

Allergic disease and risk of stress in pregnant women: a PreventADALL study.

Background: Maternal stress during pregnancy may negatively affect the health of mother and child. We therefore aimed to identify the proportion of women reporting high maternal stress in mid and late pregnancy and explore whether symptoms of maternal allergic disease are associated with perceived maternal stress in late pregnancy.

Method: The population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergy in Children (PreventADALL) study enrolled 2697 pregnant women at their 18-week routine ultrasound examination in Norway and Sweden.

Maternal use of nicotine products and breastfeeding 3 months postpartum.

Aim: We aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with maternal use of nicotine products in relation to breastfeeding.

Methods: Nicotine use 3 months postpartum was determined in the Scandinavian PreventADALL mother-child birth cohort study recruiting 1837 women from 2014 to 2016. Electronic questionnaires at 18 weeks pregnancy and 3 months postpartum provided information on snus use, smoking or other nicotine use, infant feeding and socio-economic factors.

Virus, allergic sensitisation and cortisol in infant bronchiolitis and risk of early asthma.

Background: Acute bronchiolitis during infancy and human rhinovirus (HRV) lower respiratory tract infections increases the risk of asthma in atopic children. We aimed to explore whether specific viruses, allergic sensitisation or cortisol levels during acute bronchiolitis in infancy increase the risk of early asthma, using recurrent wheeze as a proxy.

Methods: In 294 children with a mean (range) age of 4.

Skin emollient and early complementary feeding to prevent infant atopic dermatitis (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial.

Background: Skin emollients applied during early infancy could prevent atopic dermatitis, and early complementary food introduction might reduce food allergy in high-risk infants. The study aimed to determine if either regular skin emollients applied from 2 weeks of age, or early complementary feeding introduced between 12 and 16 weeks of age, reduced development of atopic dermatitis by age 12 months in the general infant population.

Methods: This population-based 2×2 factorial, randomised clinical trial was done at Oslo University Hospital and Østfold Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway; and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

Helicobacter pylori in early childhood and asthma in adolescence.

Objective: An inverse effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) on the occurrence of asthma is debated and early acquisition of H. pylori may be important.

Food and nutrient intake and adherence to dietary recommendations during pregnancy: a Nordic mother-child population-based cohort.

Background: A woman's food intake during pregnancy has important implications not only for herself but also for the future health and well-being of her child. Suboptimal dietary quality has been consistently reported in many high-income countries, reflecting poor adherence to dietary guidelines.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the intake of food and nutrients in a cohort of pregnant women in Norway and their adherence to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) and Norwegian food-based guidelines (NFG).

Snus in pregnancy and infant birth size: a mother-child birth cohort study.

Rationale: While recent studies show that maternal use of snus during pregnancy is increasing, the potential effects on infant birth size is less investigated, with conflicting results.

Objectives: We aimed to determine if maternal use of snus during pregnancy influences the infant anthropometric and proportional size measures at birth.

Methods: In 2313 mother-child pairs from the population-based, mother-child birth cohort PreventADALL (Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies) in Norway and Sweden, we assessed nicotine exposure by electronic questionnaire(s) at 18 and 34 weeks of pregnancy, and anthropometric measurements at birth.

Predicting Skin Barrier Dysfunction and Atopic Dermatitis in Early Infancy.

Background: Dry skin is associated with increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which has been found to precede atopic dermatitis (AD) in childhood.

Objective: We aimed to identify parental, prenatal, and perinatal predictive factors of dry skin, high TEWL, and AD at 3 months of age, and to determine if dry skin or high TEWL at 3 months can predict AD at 6 months.

Methods: From the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in children prospective birth cohort study, we included 1150 mother-child pairs.

Quality of life, salivary cortisol and atopic diseases in young children.

Background: Children with atopic disease may have reduced health-related quality of life (QoL) and morning cortisol. Possible links between QoL, morning cortisol and atopic disease are unclear. We aimed to determine if QoL was associated with morning salivary cortisol at two years of age, and if asthma, atopic dermatitis and/or allergic sensitisation influenced this association.

Parent and child perception of quality of life in a randomized controlled peanut oral immunotherapy trial.

Background: Improved quality of life (QoL) after oral immunotherapy (OIT) in peanut allergic children is often reported by their parents, while the child's perspective is less clear.

Objective: We aimed to explore whether 2 years of OIT improved QoL in children with peanut allergy and to identify factors influencing change in QoL.

Methods: In the open-labeled TAKE-AWAY peanut OIT trial including children with anaphylaxis to peanuts, 57 were randomized to OIT and 20 to observation.

ERS technical standard on bronchial challenge testing: pathophysiology and methodology of indirect airway challenge testing.

Recently, this international task force reported the general considerations for bronchial challenge testing and the performance of the methacholine challenge test, a "direct" airway challenge test. Here, the task force provides an updated description of the pathophysiology and the methods to conduct indirect challenge tests. Because indirect challenge tests trigger airway narrowing through the activation of endogenous pathways that are involved in asthma, indirect challenge tests tend to be specific for asthma and reveal much about the biology of asthma, but may be less sensitive than direct tests for the detection of airway hyperresponsiveness.