The Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTED Scale).

The present study introduces the Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTED Scale), which asks for prolonged and disabling embitterment reactions in the aftermath of negative life events. The PTED Scale was administered to four independent samples of patients and normals. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high.

Diagnostic criteria and the standardized diagnostic interview for posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED).

Objective. The posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) is a specific form of adjustment disorder. The purpose of this study was to specify diagnostic criteria of PTED, and to develop a standardized instrument which allows a standardized diagnosis.

Posttraumatic embitterment disorder in comparison to other mental disorders.

Background: The term 'posttraumatic embitterment disorder' (PTED) was recently introduced to describe a subtype of adjustment disorders, characterized by prolonged embitterment, severe additional psychopathological symptoms and great impairment in most areas of life in reaction to a severe negative but not life threatening life event. The aim of this study is an empirical description and validation of the clinical concept of PTED, by comparing clinically defined PTED patients with patients suffering from other mental disorders on measures of posttraumatic stress and psychopathological distress.

Methods: Fifty inpatients, suffering from PTED according to previously defined clinical diagnostic criteria, were compared with another 50 patients, matched by age and gender, who did not meet clinical criteria for PTED but for other mental disorders.

The psychopathology of posttraumatic embitterment disorders.

Background: The posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) was introduced as a new subgroup of adjustment disorders. The trigger event in PTED is an exceptional, though normal negative life event that is experienced as a violation of basic beliefs and values. The predominant emotion in PTED is embitterment.