[Urethral microbiota in healthy men and patients with urethritis].

Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) is a common disease in men. The main cause of NGU is sexually transmitted infections, which can cause various complications, including reproductive ones. Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium are the most common causes of NGU, but no known viral or bacterial pathogens are detected in 28-50% of cases.

Cowper's Glands Abscess with Spreading to Adjacent Organs and Tissues with Development of Septic Shock: An Extremely Rare Case.

Background: We present here the first case of Cowper's gland abscess complicated by septic shock and breakthrough of the abscess into the paraurethral region, cavernous body, scrotum, and pararectal tissue.

Case Presentation: A 63-year-old patient was admitted with complaints of temperature increase up to 39°C, pain and enlargement of the perineum and the right half of the scrotum, frequent and difficulty urination, weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, and a sharp deterioration of the general condition. Clinical-laboratory data showed the presence of septic shock with unstable haemodynamics and many concomitant diseases.

[Complications of open, laparoscopic and retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy in various kidney diseases].

The results of the analysis of domestic and foreign literature on complications of various approaches for nephrectomy are presented in the review. Along with open nephrectomy, complications of various minimally-invasive approaches are described, including laparoscopic, retroperitoneoscopic and robot-assisted nephrectomy. Recently, a large number of publications have been dedicated to donor nephrectomy, which is associated with the growing trend for these procedures in many clinics throughout the world using different approaches.

[Microbiota of the urogenital organs].

A review of modern literature on the study of microbiota of the genitourinary system by methods of chromatography-mass spectrometry and sequencing of urine specimens is presented in the article. The sequencing method is used to analyze microbiota of different organs. Obtained results of the genomic analysis have revealed cases of infection by potential pathogenic microorganisms, which are often not diagnosed during standard urine culture due to specific requirements for culture media.

[Retroperitoneoscopic resection of the calyceal diverticulum wall in an 8-year-old child].

A renal calyceal diverticulum is a cystic cavity within the renal parenchyma, which is lined by transitional epithelium and communicates with the calyx or, more rarely, the renal pelvis. In children, this anomaly is extremely rare. The article describes the resection of the middle calyceal diverticulum in an 8-year-old child using retroperitoneoscopic access.

[The substantiation of efficiency of modern techniques of laboratory control under implementation of metaphylactic activities in patients with various forms of urolithiasis.].

The article presents the results of evaluation of treatment and subsequent five-years observation of 316 patients with urolithiasis that were individually recommended a complex of curative preventive activities with repeated annual dynamic control after a complex of analyses including chromatographic mass-spectrometric detection of content of lithogenic substances, of activity of hydrolytic enzymes, establishment of type of metabolism disorders. The application of chromatographic tests for evaluation of efficiency of implemented preventive treatment with detection of temporarily variations of analyzed parameters in patients with various types of lithogenesis permitted to decrease rate of relapses of lithogenesis in examined group up to 16.5% as compared with the results in control group of patients (32.

[A rare observation of the giant urinary bladder stone].

A rare observation of iatrogenic damage of the urinary bladder by the needles used for osteosynthesis, which were encrusted with salts and lead to the formation of a giant bladder stone weighing 720 g, is given. The curiosity of the situation was associated with the long-term observation and the surgical removal of the stone and foreign bodies 19 years after initial detection due to the development of upper urinary tract complications.

[Clinical and biochemical aspects of pathogenesis of urolithiasis].

Aim: To investigate the role of infection in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis using chromatography mass spectrometry analysis.

Materials And Methods: The study analyzed clinical and laboratory data of 316 urolithiasis patients hospitalized between February 2005 and January 2015. All patients underwent a comprehensive clinical examination, including laboratory tests (hematological and biochemical blood tests, clinical and bacteriological tests of urine) and chromatography mass spectrometry analysis urine and blood.

[The clinical laboratory evaluation of impact of shock wave on the activity of peptidohydrolase in urine of patients with urolithiasis].

The article presents the results of comprehensive clinical biochemical study of 79 patients with urolithiasis admitted to the urologic department of public clinical hospital No 7 in 2007-2009. The diagnostic evaluation of the impact of shock wave on kidney parenchyma and crystallization processes was implemented. The chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to analyze the activity of hydrolytic enzymes in urine of patients with urolithiasis underwent the remote lithotripsy sessions.

[Role of an infectious factor in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis].

The paper gives the data of complex clinical and biochemical examination in 122 urolithiasis (ULT) inpatients treated at the Urology Unit, Moscow City Clinical Hospital Seven, in February 2004 to January 2008. The levels of lithogenic substances and compounds, inhibitors and activators of lithogenesis have been determined. The authors show it possible to use the level of hydrolytic enzymes and activators of cooperative microbial sensitivity as diagnostic and prognostic criteria in diferent forms of ULT, which is in turn of no small importance in developing the science-based methods for the treatment and prevention of recurrent lithogenesis.

[Evaluation of biogeochemical factors influence on the prevalence of urolithiasis in the regions of Tajikistan].

The investigation has been undertaken to study a relationship between some biogeochemical and environmental factors and nephrolithiasis morbidity in the regions of Tajikistan. The paper presents the data of a comprehensive study comprising the biochemical, chromatographic, and mass-spectrometric studies of 1180 patients aged 14 to 76 years, treated at the Dushanbe Urology Medical Center. The performed examination has established a relationship of the higher urolithiasis mortality rates in the poor environmental regions of the Republic of Tajikistan to the high pollution by organic and inorganic substances, the high natural mineralization and hardness of water, the high levels of chlorides, sulfates, and other components of salt composition, which in turn affects the course of a pathological process.

[Urolithiasis morbidity in Tadzhikistan regions: some biogeochemical and environmental factors].

The aim of the study was to investigate urolithiasis prevalence in the main administrative regions of Tadzhikistan, to ascertain effects of drinking water quality, water pollutants and other environmental factors on urolithiasis morbidity in endemic regions of Tadzhikistan. It was found that high urolithiasis incidence rate in some regions was associated with high water pollution (class III and IV), its high natural mineralization and hardness, high content of chlorides, sulphates and other components of salt composition, organic and non-organic pollutants. Chemical and microbiological tests showed that sanitary standards were not strictly observed in the regions with high urolithiasis morbidity.

[Potentialities of current methods for laboratory analysis in the evaluation of the severity and prevalence of nephrolithiasis in Tajikistan].

The investigation was undertaken to study a relationship between some biogeochemical and environmental factors and nephrolithiasis morbidity rates in the regions of Tajikistan. The paper presents the data of an integrated examination involving biochemical, chromatographic, and mass-spectrometric studies of 1180 patients aged 14 to 76 years who have been treated at the Dushanbe Urology Medical Center. The investigation established a relationship of an increase in ICD morbidity in poor environmental regions of the Republic of Tajikistan to the high organic and non-organic pollution, the high natural mineralization and hardness of water, and the elevated levels of chlorides, sulfates, and other salt components, which in turn influences the severity of a pathological process.

[Comparative assessment of extraperitoneoscopic and laparoscopic methods of varicocele treatment].

The article presents a comparative analysis of the results of extraperitoneoscopic and laparoscopic methods of internal seminal vein ligation in 90 varicocele patients (40 and 50 patients, respectively); describes insufficiently known method--extraperitoneoscopic operations. The working space in the prevesical space is created by direct introduction of trocars with optics into the prevesical space without any additional tools. The operations took the same time.

[Chromatographic mass spectrometric assessment of the course of different forms of urolithiasis].

The study has been undertaken to improve the methods for diagnosing urolithiasis, which comprehensively evaluate the severity of a pathological process and the results of treatment in patients with nephrolithiasis. The paper gives the data of investigating the processes of chromatographic mass spectrometric urinalysis in 82 patients aged 15 to 81 years urgently admitted to the units of urology of Moscow City Clinical Hospital Seven for a renal colic attack. The levels of lithogenic substances were measured in patients with different types of metabolic disturbances.

[Some new guidelines for the diagnosis of urolithiasis].

The purpose of the study was to develop diagnostic and prognostic criteria for the development of urolithiasis (UL), by using the chromatographic mass spectrometric and aggregatometric techniques, in order to determine the type of a metabolic disturbance and the type of stone formation, as well as to create an algorithm of pathogenetically grounded prevention of the disease. According to the type of a metabolic disorder, all the patients were divided into 4 groups: (1) 47 (43.1%) patients with uric acid UL; (2) 26 (23.

[Videoendoscopic ligation of the internal seminal veins in bilateral varicocele].

Varicocele diagnosis should be based not only on physical methods but on ultrasound dopplerography as well (flebography or scrotal thermography) to detect a subclinical form and bilateral process. Bilateral varicocele (BV) occurs more often than is diagnosed. It results in more changes in spermogram and is a prognostic infertility factor.

[Bilateral varicocele: epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis].

Epidemiology of bilateral varicocele (BV) was studied in 2600 patients with varicocele and in 3900 infertile patients 1196 of whom had varicocele. The diagnosis was made by examination, palpation of sexual organs, dopplerography. In addition, causes and clinical picture of BV were investigated.

[The role of agregatometry in diagnosis of urolithiasis].

Processes of aggregatometry induced by addition of refined compounds in urine from 109 patients aged from 15 to 81 years urgently hospitalized to the urological department of Moscow hospital N 7 from June 2002 to September 2005. The patients had the first episode of renal colics. Main kinds of aggregatograms in urolithiasis patients were determined.

[Principles of concervative therapy of urolithiasis and prevention of stone formation recurrence].

The modern view of treatment for various forms of nephrolithiasis reflects the main features of nephrolithiasis pathogenesis, but changes in metabolic condition, the presence of dysmetabolism, and the course of pathologic process are not taken into account. Considering that the disease is easier to prevent than to treat, it would be more appropriate to base preventive measures not only on the data from general clinical and biochemical examination, but also on the results of aggregatometry and complex chromato-mass-spectrometric examination allowing prediction of the development of the pathologic process.

[Ultrasound studies in varicocele].

Renal function, the anatomic and functional status of the vena cava inferior, renal arteries and veins, and spermatic veins were evaluated in healthy individuals and patients with varicocele before and 12 months after laparoscopic ligation of the left spermatic vein. The renal vessels were assessed by color Doppler ultrasonography and renal function was examined by complex radionuclide study with 99mTc-pentatech. There were no significant changes in the diameter of renal arteries and vena cava inferior and the right arterial blood flow velocities in healthy individuals and patients.

[The laparoscopic treatment of abdominal cryptorchidism in adults].

Three patients aged 18, 25 and 31 years with abdominal cryptorchidism and concomitant diseases were treated laparoscopically. Macroscopic amd microscopic evidence said in favor of removal of the testis. In one case this removal was done in line with removal of the dysplastic kidney.

[The use of Categel with lidocaine in urology].

Efficacy of catejel with lidocaine and catejel C has been assessed in patients subjected to cystoscopy, bougienage, catheterization and urethroscopy. Postcystoscopy and urethroscopy patients were divided into 3 groups. The patients subjected to cystoscopy and bougienage with the use of narcotic or non-narcotic analgetics, cystoscope or bougie lubricated with vaseline or glycerin were allocated in group 1, with the use of catejel with lidocaine in group 2, combination of the above two technique in group 3.