Rhazes' (865-925 CE) contribution to surgery in .

Background: Surgery has deep historical roots. Rhazes (865-925 CE), a Persian physician, made a significant contribution to the development of medical sciences in the medieval era. is one of his significant works on medicine.

Medical ethics considerations on artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently one of the mostly controversial matters of the world. This article discusses AI in terms of the medical ethics issues involved, both existing and potential. Once artificial intelligence is fully developed within electronic systems, it will afford many useful applications in many sectors ranging from banking, agriculture, medical procedures to military operations, especially by decreasing the involvement of humans in critically dangerous activities.

YKL-40 is a local marker for inflammation in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

Purpose: To investigate the YKL-40, as a marker of inflammation, in aqueous humor and serum of cataract patients with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX).

Methods: Aqueous humor and serum samples were obtained from 44 patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery. All patients were divided into two groups: PEX (n = 24) and control (n = 20).

Ethical considerations on novel neuronal interfaces.

Wireless powered implants, each smaller than a grain of rice, have the potential to scan and stimulate brain cells. Further research may lead to next-generation brain-machine interfaces for controlling prosthetics, exoskeletons, and robots, as well as "electroceuticals" to treat disorders of the brain and body. In conditions that can be particularly alleviated with brain stimulation, the use of such mini devices may pose certain challenges.

Tear osmolarity and ocular surface changes in patient with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Purpose: To evaluate the tear osmolarity and ocular surface changes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Materials And Methods: Forty-eight patients with recently diagnosed PCOS and thirty-three control volunteers were enrolled in this prospective, observational study. Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score was calculated.

Endothelial cell loss: Biaxial small-incision torsional phacoemulsification versus biaxial small-incision longitudinal phacoemulsification.

Purpose: To compare clinical results of biaxial small-incision torsional phacoemulsification and biaxial small-incision longitudinal phacoemulsification.

Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey.

Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Comparison of keratometric data obtained by automated keratometer, Dicon CT 200, Allegro Topolyzer, and Pentacam.

Purpose: To compare the keratometric values measured by the automated keratometer, two Placido-based computerized topography systems (Dicon CT 200 [Vismed Inc] and Allegro Topolyzer [WaveLight Inc]), and Scheimpflug analysis (Pentacam [Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH]).

Methods: The keratometric data of 200 eyes from 200 patients evaluated for refractive surgery were reviewed retrospectively. Mean simulated keratometry (Sim K) and mean corneal astigmatism measured by the four devices were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction.

Intravitreal tigecycline treatment in experimental Acinetobacter baumannii endophthalmitis.

Purpose: To investigate the clinical and microbiological effectivity of intravitreal tigecycline in an experimental rabbit endophthalmitis model caused by imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Materials And Methods: Forty-eight eyes of 24 New Zealand white albino rabbits were divided into six groups (n=8 in each). The right eyes were divided into three groups and defined as infected group; left eyes were divided into three groups and defined as uninfected group.

23-Gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for retained lens fragments after complicated cataract surgery.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 23-gauge (23-G) transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy in patients with retained lens fragments after complicated cataract surgery.

Methods: In this retrospective consecutive case series, 17 eyes of 17 patients with retained lens fragments after complicated cataract surgery and managed by using 23-G transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy were evaluated between January 2007 and March 2009 at our institution.

Results: Mean follow-up time was 8.

Outcome of surgery in long-standing infantile esotropia with cross fixation.

Background: This is a retrospective study to determine the outcomes of the surgical correction in long-standing infantile esotropia with cross fixation.

Methods: Medical charts of a group of patients with esotropia who had cross fixation and underwent surgery for strabismus between January 1991 and December 2004 were reviewed. The mean follow-up time was 4.

Macular thickness changes after phacoemulsification in previously vitrectomized eyes for diabetic macular edema.

Purpose: To report visual results and anatomical outcome after uncomplicated phacoemulsification in eyes that previously underwent pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema.

Methods: This retrospective noncomparative study included 22 eyes of 19 diabetic patients who underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation after pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal for diabetic macular edema. Main outcome measures included visual acuity and foveal thickness (FT) changes as assessed by optical coherence tomography.

Anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle in the treatment of unilateral superior oblique palsy.

Purpose: To determine whether unilateral inferior oblique anterior transposition alone could be an effective procedure for treating superior oblique palsy with inferior oblique overaction.

Methods: The records of 38 patients who underwent unilateral inferior oblique anterior transposition for unilateral superior oblique palsy with inferior oblique overaction were evaluated. A comprehensive ocular examination including best-corrected visual acuity measurements, ductions, versions, and deviations at near and distance, head tilt test, abnormal head position, dilated fundus examination, and Titmus test was performed prior to and after surgery.

Long-term outcome of a silicone expander for Brown's syndrome.

Purpose: Assessment of the long-term outcome of a silicone tendon expander for Brown's syndrome.

Patients And Methods: Records of 22 eyes of 16 patients with the diagnosis of Brown's syndrome were reviewed. Patients who had previous superior oblique (SO) muscle surgery or previous or concurrent surgery on another muscle were not included.

Long-term results of bilateral medial rectus recession for congenital esotropia.

Purpose: This study assessed the long-term results of orthophoria obtained with bilateral medial rectus recession for congenital esotropia.

Patients And Methods: The medical records of 214 patients who underwent bilateral medial rectus muscle recession between January 1995 and January 2000 were reviewed. Patients were excluded if neurological abnormalities or developmental delays were documented and if structural eye abnormalities were present.