The Effects of Respiratory Muscle Training on Resting-State Brain Activity and Thoracic Mobility in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Although inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is an effective intervention for improving breath perception, brain mechanisms have not been studied yet.

Purpose: To examine the effects of IMT on insula and default mode network (DMN) using resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI).

Study Type: Prospective.

A late-diagnosed phenylketonuria case presenting with autism spectrum disorder in early childhood.

Phenylketonuria is one of the most prevalent autosomal recessive hereditary disorders in Turkey. If untreated, it results in severe brain damage and can also be associated with autism in certain patients. We present a three-year old boy who exhibited the symptoms of autism and was subsequently diagnosed with phenylketonuria.

Is white matter affected in adolescents with anorexia nervosa? A study using magnetization transfer imaging.

The aim of the study was to assess potential changes in structural integrity of the brain in adolescent patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) using the magnetization transfer imaging technique and re-evaluating after nutritional rehabilitation was accomplished. Magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) was used for the detection and quantification of histological changes to the white matter of 9 adolescents diagnosed with AN at diagnosis and after weight gain. Using the MTR technique 6 regions were measured: the pons, left cerebellar hemisphere, amygdala, thalamus, corona radiata and white matter adjacent to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Conventional and advanced MR imaging in infantile Refsum disease.

We report magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings including diffusion-weighted imaging and proton MR spectroscopy findings in a patient with infantile Refsum disease. The initial diagnosis was made on the basis of history, clinical findings and biochemical studies. Bilateral and symmetrical involvement of the peritrigonal white matter, centrum semiovale, thalami, corpus callosum and corticospinal tracts as assessed by increased T2 signal was highly suggestive of a peroxisomal disorder.

Teaching NeuroImages: a neurosyphilis case presenting with atypical neuroradiologic findings.

A 51-year-old man presented with memory loss, behavioral changes, and generalized seizures for 4 months. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was 11. MRI showed hyperintensities in multiple cortical areas and thalami (figure, A-C).

3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency: a case report of a treatable cause of seizures.

Serine deficiency disorders are a new group of neurometabolic diseases resulting from a deficiency in one of the three enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of L-serine. Deficiency of the enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH), which catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway, leads to congenital microcephaly, severe psychomotor retardation, and intractable seizures. We report a 4 1/2-year-old boy who presented with congenital microcephaly, psychomotor retardation, hypertonia, strabismus, and drug-resistant seizures due to 3-PGDH deficiency.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated transverse myelitis with unexpected rapid response to macrolide therapy: a case report.

A seven-year-old boy admitted with the complaints of fever, weakness in legs, sensory loss in lower limb, and difficulty in voiding lasting for two weeks. His initial symptoms also included cough and fever. His spinal magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrated acute transverse myelitis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae-specific IgM and IgG antibodies were found to be positive in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples.

A clinically isolated syndrome: a challenging entity: multiple sclerosis or collagen tissue disorders: clues for differentiation.

Acute isolated neurological syndromes, such as optic neuropathy or transverse myelopathy, may cause diagnostic problems since they can be the first presentations of a number of diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and collageneous tissue disorders. In the present study, particular systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS) patients, who were followed up with the initial diagnosis of possible MS with no evidence of collagen tissue disorders for several years, are described. Five patients with the final diagnosis of SLE and five pSS patients are evaluated with their neurologic, systemic and radiologic findings.

An unusual central nervous system involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: combination of pachymeningitis and cerebral vasculitis.

Severe primary central nervous system (CNS) involvement such as vasculitis and pachymeningitis can rarely occur in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) even in the absence of systemic disease activation. The authors illustrate a female patient with well-controlled RA who presented with headaches, encephalopathy, seizures and relapsing focal neurological deficits. Primary rheumatoid cerebral vasculitis and pachymeningitis were diagnosed based on suggestive brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, MR angiography, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and cerebral angiography.

Neuropsychiatric involvement in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus.

Neuropsychiatric involvement is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and it has been reported to occur in 22-95% of the childhood SLE patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuropsychiatric involvement in our juvenile SLE patients. This was a cross-sectional assessment of patients to investigate the relationship between the involvement of the nervous system and the clinical factors, including autoantibodies, renal involvement and disease activity.

Tracing immature myelin in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.

Inherent abnormalities of myelin have been suggested in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated myelin in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) patients by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis for citrulline, a marker of immature myelin. A citrulline peak was observed in the normal appearing white matter of 7/15 patients and of 1/10 age-matched neurological controls (p=0.

[The colorful clinical spectrum of cerebral toxoplasmosis in five HIV positive cases: what comes out of Pandora's box?].

In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the most common cause of focal intracranial lesion is Toxoplasma gondii infection. T. gondii encephalitis is an easily and effectively treatable disease, with promising outcomes.

Radiologic aspects of abdominal hydatidosis in children: a study of 31 cases in Turkey.

Objective: To determine the location and radiological characteristics in children with abdominal hydatid disease (HD).

Materials And Methods: Thirty-one children (average age: 7.2 years) with abdominal HD were studied.

Defining thresholds for changes in size of simulated T2-hyperintense brain lesions on the basis of qualitative comparisons.

Objective: Our purpose was to define thresholds below which trained reviewers cannot detect changes in the size of T2-hyperintense brain lesions.

Materials And Methods: We generated T2-weighted brain MR images (TR/TE, 4000/80) with simulated hyperintense lesions derived from a real multiple sclerosis plaque. The size of the original multiple sclerosis lesion was varied by scaling up or down the lesion using a bicubic interpolation method.

Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face with ipsilateral hemimegalencephaly.

An extremely rare case of congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face (CILF) associated with ipsilateral hemimegalencephaly is reported in a 3-month-old boy. MRI not only thoroughly evaluated the extent of the lesion, but also demonstrated the cerebral anomaly. MRI is indispensable in the evaluation of patients suspected of having CILF.